5️⃣ This effect is especially emphasized among respondents that follow the election campaigns more closely.

However,
4️⃣ Voters lend less political support to parties leading harsher campaigns when they have an at least equally attractive alternative to choose from!

Parties lose any “negativity bonus” among voters that are ideologically at least equally close to their competition.

3️⃣ The campaigning party's ideological proximity to other competing parties also has little impact (no significant interaction).

2️⃣ These differences are not due to the differing number of parties available to voters across contexts (no sig. interaction).

Note: Previously negative baseline effects render positive after inclusion of covariates such as parties' euroskepticism.

1️⃣ Parties with harsher campaigns (expert-judged) receive lower political support (PTV) on average, but this relationship varies by context.

Note: Model contains fixed effect + random slopes without other covariates.

To test this, we combine expert's campaign ratings with voter's political support for parties (propensity to vote, PTV) for 28 cntr & >270 parties surrounding the 2019 🇪🇺 European Parliament elections 🗳️.

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A win for liberal dem. & the safety LGBTQi+ community in Poland:
Exit polls projecting the incumbent PRR PiS to lose parliamentary majority, & opening the possib. of the first left-wing government participation in the past 18 years.