Moreover, shade tree cover of the agroforestry systems had positive and negative effects on birds and bats in more forested and cleared landscapes, respectively, due to a higher abundance of open-area species benefitting from lower agroforest shade tree cover in clearer landcapes

Shade tree diversity 🌳🌴🌲 enhanced insectivorous bird richness and abundance in an intensive agricultural region dominated by papaya monocultures and rice fields 🚜, but had no effect in a non-intensive one with higher cover of cacao agroforestry systems and banana plantations 🧑‍🌾

We found that shade tree diversity and cover had different effects on bird and bats depending on their functional guild and the landscape surrounding the agroforestry systems

We analyzed how the shade tree diversity and cover affected bird and bat assembleges in cacao agroforestry systems embedded in landscapes with varying levels of agricultural intensity in San Martín, in the northern Peruvian Amazon