1. Indexing: Create indexes on frequently queried columns to speed up data retrieval. 2. Vertical Scaling: Upgrade your database server by adding more CPU, RAM, or storage to handle increased load. 3. Caching: Store frequently accessed data in-memory (e.g., Redis, Memcached) to reduce database load and improve response time. 4. Sharding: Distribute data across multiple servers by splitting the database into smaller, independent shards, allowing for horizontal scaling and improved performance.