Of course, this result would probably vary in different systems. So in the discussion we speculate a bit on what would cause evolution to be more, or less dependent on biotic partners 9/

and the majority of parallelly mutated genes were detected in multiple biotic conditions 7/

species' growth abilities increase by a similar factor regardless of partners' identity, shifts in community compositions and interactions are similar between pairs of coevolved and separately evolved strains 6/

For that, we evolved 11 sps either alone or in different co-cultures, and measured how they changed in growth, community composition, sps interactions, and genomically, and then compare the changes that occurred when sps evolved in different co-cultures or alone 4/