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"little linkage within subgroups" means that mutations occur pretty independently of each other on different genetic backgrounds within the group. But mutations differentiating the larger subgroups tend to co-occur irrespective of their separation along the chromosome.

Analyzing these data as pangenome graphs was very helpful to disentangle contributions of homologous recombination and accessory genome evolution at different scales. I hope this will continue to help us to shed light on the dynamic world of bacteria and phages.

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docs.pangraph.org

This wide-spread homologous recombination seems to happen despite often substantial divergence >5% between genomes. But sometimes populations seem to fragment into groups with much less exchange – whether this is driven by geographic separation, ecological factors, or divergence is unclear.

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Within the syntenic core genome, linkage between SNPs decays rapidly with distance. LD approaches background levels after about 1000 bases. The background level itself is often set by population structure with little linkage within subgroups but genome wide coupling across subgroups.

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Using these cluster-wide pangenome graphs, we find a strongly conserved synteny of core phams. Accessory genome diversity is typically concentrated in well defined hotspots.

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Phages are known to recombine with each other and have flexible and fluid genomes. We analyzed diversity within the clusters of the Acinetobacteriophage Database by organizing their genomes into pangenome graphs based on homologous phams (protein families).

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