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Pinus flexilis is dispersed by birds such as the nutcracker (Nucifraga), which hide the seeds in various places to retrieve and eat them later. If such a cache is not retrieved, several pine individuals can germinate and establish in the same place, forming tree clusters with several trunks.

Bouteloua gracilis (blue grama, in the picture) is an example of a prairie C4 grass. As soil moisture increases, C4 photosynthesis becomes less favourable and C3 grasses become more common, including invasive European C3 grasses such as Bromus tectorum