“ Other historians have linked the eighteenth century explosion of literacy to the Enlightenment, the birth of human rights, the arrival of democracy and even the beginnings of the industrial revolution.”

“As Postman pointed out, it is no accident, that the growth of print culture in the eighteenth century was associated with the growing prestige of reason, hostility to superstition, the birth of capitalism, and the rapid development of science.”

“ By the beginning of the 1700s, the expansion of education and an explosion of cheap books began to diffuse reading rapidly down through the middle classes and even into the lower ranks of society. People alive at the time understood that something momentous was going on. “

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Kidney transplant : 30 minutes 😀🕺
“ - Congratulations team , we met insurance requirements. Oops! we did not connect it to the bladder ! Are we gonna get sued?
- You on our own Doc , that’s between you and your lawyer “

Calcium ions are central to cell wall stability and signaling. Mangroves regulate Ca²⁺ uptake and use it to counteract the toxic effects of excess sodium and chloride ions.

Potassium is an essential nutrient for plant metabolic processes and is actively retained by mangroves. K⁺ helps maintain osmotic balance and enzyme activity, particularly in salt-stressed environments.

Mangroves ion management: Chloride ions are mostly excluded or compartmentalized along with sodium to minimize their toxic effects. Mangroves store Cl⁻ in vacuoles to prevent cellular damage.

Aquaporin activity in mangroves can be modulated based on environmental conditions, such as salt stress or waterlogging. Aquaporins can increase their activity in highly saline conditions to prevent water loss or excessive salt intrusion.

By regulating water movement, aquaporins contribute to maintaining cell turgor and osmotic balance

Do mangroves have Aquaporins ? Yes !

Aquaporins help mangroves efficiently absorb freshwater from the soil, even when surrounded by saline water. They allow selective water transport while minimizing salt intrusion, working in tandem with mechanisms like salt exclusion at the roots.

Water management by mangroves through their ability to maintain favorable osmotic gradients through the accumulation of organic solutes within their cellular matrix. This biochemical adaptation enables freshwater extraction from high saline environments .

The third mechanism involves compartmentalization, where excess salt is sequestered in sacrificial tissues like senescent leaves and bark, which the plant periodically shed.

The second mechanism of salt management is through specialized foliar glands that actively secrete excess salt, which be seen as crystalline deposits on leaf surfaces that are subsequently removed by the wind or precipitation .

Salt management capabilities of mangroves operate through three main mechanisms. The first line of defense are their highly specialized root membranes, which are capable of selective permeability. Root membranes filter incoming water, excluding 90-95% of dissolved sea salts .

Mangroves salt and water handling:

Mangrove have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to overcome the challenges of salinity and waterlogged conditions that have proven lethal to most terrestrial vegetation.