4/ Among elderly GAL voters, who were socialized into the GALTAN cleavage when it was dominated by post-1968 New Social Movements, the importance of social assistance benefits is higher than among TAN voters.

2/ In line with previous research (e.g. @garritzmannj.bsky.social, @mbusemeyer.bsky.social, @eneimanns.bsky.social), we show that GAL voters are more supportive of and find expansion more important for social investment policies (university education, childcare, active labour market policies).

Class realignment of left-wing voters has indeed had a progressive effect on policies. As middle-class individuals with pro-immigrant attitudes come to dominate SD electorates, SD welfare policies towards immigrants become more inclusive. (4/5)

We tested whether such realignment incentivizes parties to adapt their stances on issues where working-class & middle-class voters hold different views. Using ESS data we show that support for welfare chauvinism is clearly structured by class, even within SD electorates. (3/5)

We know from previous research that the class make-up of the SD electorate today is vastly different to the 1980s. In many countries, SD parties have become parties of the middle classes. (2/5)