Toynbee’s reflections still resonate today, as we grapple with how to build institutions — and moral frameworks — capable of addressing truly global challenges.

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He came to see the voluntary unification of humankind as the only safeguard against nuclear catastrophe — a vision that evolved through three stages:

• a liberal-imperial worldview,
• a cosmopolitan and revolutionary imagination,
• and finally, a spiritual and utopian turn.

Between the 1920s and 1970s, Toynbee searched for ways to ensure global peace and stability in an age marked by war, decolonization, and nuclear peril.

The article — “‘All Mankind and yet nothing but Mankind’: Arnold J. Toynbee and the World State” — explores an often overlooked side of Toynbee’s international thought: his reflections on the idea of a world state.

Poiché in generale la passione del potere, come ogni altra, ha la tendenza a eliminare i controlli e a cagionare una decadenza di colui che ne è invasato.

Ludwig Dehio, Equilibrio o egemonia (1948)

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