By Cynthia McClintock* Photographs from the early hours of the Generation Z protest in Peru, 2025(Source: Wikimedia Commons) Since 2021, democratic backsliding has been severe in Peru, and Peruvians are furious. Peru’s Congress is loathed. In 2025, the approval rating for Peru’s President, Dina Boluarte, fell below 3 percent and she became the most unpopular president on the planet.

By Robert Albro, Associate Director, CLALS Rodrigo Paz is sworn in as president of Bolivia, 2025(Source: Wikimedia Commons) Centrist Rodrigo Paz’s victory in October’s runoff election signals a dramatic change of direction for Bolivian politics. The era of dominance of the Movement Toward Socialism (MAS) party, led by ex-president Evo Morales, is definitively over. For the first time since 2006, the MAS will not control the presidency.

By Dr. Pablo Andrade Andrade October 17 Demonstrations (Manifestaciones del 17 de Octubre)(Source: Wikimedia Commons) Just six years ago, in 2019, the three major organizations of the Ecuadorian indigenous movement were on the rise. CONAIE (the Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas del Ecuador) led the charge against Lenin Moreno’s government. For eleven days their widespread demonstrations posed a serious threat to the government's stability.

By Dr. Susana Nudelsman Central Bank of Argentina (Banco Central de la República Argentina)(Source: Wikimedia Commons) In October of this year, the United States Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent ratified the signing of a US$20 billion currency swap with the Central Bank of Argentina as part of an “economic stabilization agreement” (Buenos Aires Herald, 2025). Moreover, the U.S. Treasury announced its intention to provide an additional US$20 billion to the country (La Nación, 2025).

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