the ceremonial robe reserved for the sed-festival. The pronounced hunch in his posture indicates advanced age at the time of carving.

Source: Werner Forman / Art Resource

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and accompanied by men carrying standards, reviews the bodies of decapitated enemies. Both sides show the royal name in a serekh.

Source: Erich Lessing / Art Resource

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enclosing the pharaoh’s name, signifying his role in preserving that unity. This particular instance is found on the side of Ramesses II’s throne at the Abu Simbel temple’s entrance.

Photo credit: Marc Van De Mieroop

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Yet, excessively high floods occasionally led to widespread damage through overflow.

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Source: Scala/Art Resource

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She is clad in a form-fitting full-length gown, and he wears merely a brief kilt. Neither shows wrinkles or any marks of age, and both assume standard hand positions. Although hieroglyphs explicitly name them, the sculptures are not meant as realistic likenesses.

by allowing the "undesirable" poor to survive, amplifying class-based prejudices.

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(especially among the affluent), and the rejection of 37% of volunteers for the Anglo-Boer War underscored fears of physical and social decline. Many believed public health advancements were undermining natural selection

from rival nations, colonial unrest, and internal issues like labor strikes, socialism, and women’s suffrage heightened concerns about national "unfitness."Social surveys by Booth and Rowntree exposed widespread poverty, while high infant mortality, a falling birthrate

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to promote birth control, illustrating a significant overlap between the movements. This convergence underscores the shared belief in fertility control’s social efficacy, despite differing motivations.

Yet, eugenics provided a scientific justification for contraception, particularly for poor women, fostering alliances. Historians debate whether feminists’ engagement with eugenics was strategic or genuine, but figures like Margaret Sanger and Marie Stopes embraced eugenic ideas

marriage. However, some feminists, influenced by neo-Malthusian ideas, advocated contraception for women’s health and economic stability. Eugenicists, often anti-feminist and focused on women’s reproductive role for racial or national benefit, sometimes clashed with feminist goal

with Francis Galton formalizing these ideas by coining the term "eugenics" and advocating for rational human breeding to replace natural selection with more "merciful" methods.

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Nikolas Rose. It was shaped by 19th-century nationalism, technological advancements, and new views of populations as resources for future fitness,

euthanasia of the disabled. Its core logic was evaluative, prioritizing certain lives, deemed valuable to the state, nation, or race, over others. The movement was deeply tied to modernity, reflecting concerns about population, quality, territory, and nation, as articulated by

enhance human populations by promoting the reproduction of the "fit" and restricting that of the "unfit." Eugenics aimed to influence reproductive practices through measures like sterilization, contraception, and pronatalist policies, as well as extreme practices such as