Finally, I’d like to thank all the community gardens, garden leaders and volunteer coordinators, and gardeners themselves! None of this would have been possible without them generously welcoming us into their gardens and sharing their experiences.

This underscores the importance of urban community gardens - not only do they provide habitat for biodiversity and opportunities to access nature, but also many other benefits: social connections, education, and food sovereignty. Let’s work to protect and advocate for urban community gardens!

Regardless, these results are exciting - they suggest that community gardens have the potential to provide access to nature across an income gradient! People in both high and low income neighborhoods in San Francisco can have positive interactions with birds in gardens.

For example, we expected lower income neighborhoods to have less canopy cover and therefore less avian species richness, but instead found all three of these variables were unrelated!

We dug into why attitudes differed. While less-popular species had mostly aesthetic disservices, popular species had both ecological and aesthetic services. This suggests that providing education about species’ ecological roles could be an important conservation tool!

However, we also wanted to understand how much gardeners noticed each species. When we weighted sentiment scores by recognition, the scores of less-charismatic species like the Black Phoebe dropped.

Using these results, we were able to assign each species a “sentiment score” and rank them in terms of positive sentiment. Most species had more positive than negative words associated with them, while corvids were the exception.

For each species, we performed a sentiment analysis, classifying words into positive, negative and neutral. While species like the Anna’s Hummingbird had primarily positive associations, others like the American Crow, were more controversial.

We also examined gardener attitudes towards 10 common garden species, chosen to capture a range of traits, through a word association task.

Through our surveys, we learned that gardeners felt positively about birds overall, showing high agreement with a number of positive statements about birds in the garden!

We worked in 20 community gardens across an income gradient in San Francisco, CA, surveying gardeners, performing avian point counts, and survey vegetation.

We studied a specific type of access to nature, human/bird interactions, through an interdisciplinary lens. We wanted to understand how people felt about birds overall as well as specific species, and where people came into contact with those species as well as diverse bird communities.