Will do a thread another time!

Our findings suggest that different modes of measurement may yield differing evidence of polarization and consensus over U.S. national membership. Moreover, debates over Americanness may reflect not just competing values, but also disputes over who best embodies shared national ideals.

Surprisingly, these understandings of Americanness are only modestly associated with respondents’ partisan identities. That is, Democrats and Republicans overlap far more than expected - challenging the idea that they hold fundamentally opposing views of Americanness.

We find a majority of Americans define U.S. national membership using both ethnocultural criteria (e.g., being White) and civic expectations (e.g., embracing July 4th). Others adhere to more commonly familiar definitions (e.g., “exclusive” and “inclusive” conceptions of Americanness).