Viruses have evolved diverse mechanisms to cross the BBB, and crossing itself can cause damage. Notably, we question if brain invasion is required for neurovirulence, as peripheral-CNS signaling may allow non-neurotropic viruses to disrupt brain function. 6/6

Neuroimmunity regulates neuronal activity and is responsible for viral clearance. Virus-driven disruptions in signaling pathways that link antiviral immunity and synaptic homeostasis reveal the fine balance between infection and immune response. 5/6

By interacting with synaptic proteins and extensively reshaping the neuronal proteome, viruses remodel the molecular composition & function of synapses. We also underscore that synaptic organelles, crucial for local signaling, are primary targets of viral infections. 4/6

Many viruses alter neuronal activity and brain connectivity, disrupting the networks essential for complex cognitive functions. Viral infections impair synaptic transmission, leading to defecits in synaptic plasticity processes critical for memory formation and consolidation. 3/6

Clinical evidence suggests that severe and mild cognitive impairments can result from viral infections, sometimes lasting long after acute illness. Cognitive virology provides a framework integrating neurovirology, neuroimmunology, and neurobiology to examine viral impacts on human cognition. 2/6