4/
Simulations using just these small mutations recreated large-scale repeat structures, like higher-order repeats and long-range homology.

Big architecture from tiny edits.

3/
Key findings:
• Point mutations occur 9× faster in centromeres than elsewhere
• Non-allelic gene conversions copy sequences between repeats
• In-frame indels preserve repeat structure
→ All without large rearrangements

2/
Centromeres are full of repetitive satellite DNA, often megabases long, but how do they evolve?

Using Arabidopsis mutation accumulation lines, we tracked real-time mutation patterns in these regions.