My argument summed up in a cartoon by Finley Briggs (a cartoonist I one day hope to write an article on...) from Medical Freedom, 4 no 5 (January 1915):73 in which a respectable white father, “The American Citizen,” is responsible for dropping his daughter off at school.

Pt3: These ideas were not contained to local conflicts over vaccination. The same gendered ideas about individual liberty and defense of "family government" surfaced in opposition a proposed federal dept of health, & critiques of industrial labor laws, anti-suffrage, & anti-feminist politics too.

Pt2: Anti-vaxxers argued that school vaccination laws were an unjust exercise of state power because they violated "parental rights" and "individual liberty." Parental rights was shorthand for right of respectable white men, "the individual," to govern their homes free from state interference

Pt 1: Tying vaccination requirements to compulsory schooling laws was the best instrument public health officials had to promote immunity in the Progressive Era.. But that meant school vaccine requirements & medical exams became a breeding ground for anti-statist and alternative health networks