Grasshopper

Subsequently, we found that the disappearing E. rectale subspecies is characterised by a lack of motility genes and the presence of many glycosyltransferases, which corresponds perfectly to the European subspecies as described by Karcher et al. (DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02042-y). (12/15)

Lastly, we focused on observations in the bacterium Eubacterium rectale (now known as Agathobacter rectalis): besides increased interindividual variation among tCeD patients (see skeet 9/15), we also saw a cluster of strains (subspecies) being nearly absent in patients. (11/15)

In line with this, we find that a protein domain, implicated in DNA repair and associated with within-species mutation rates, was underrepresented in tCeD patients. Perhaps faster evolution (accelerated by reactive oxygen species) benefits bacterial survival during inflammation? (10/15)

Using the nucleotide-level resolution of MGS, we could also look into sub-species variation and found that several species also show an increased number of mutations in their core genome in patients, relative to controls. We speculate that inflammation may lead to elevated mutation rates. (9/15)

Interestingly, while we expected the microbiomes of tCeD patients to share a certain signature, we instead saw that they have less similar microbiome compositions (i.e. higher BC dissimilarity) than random pairs of control individuals. The same was seen for IBD, but not for IBS patients. (8/15)

We show that duration of GFD positively correlates (Spearman's Rho) with most of the overabundant species, suggesting a significant contribution of the diet to the observed patterns. (7/15)

First of all, as expected, there is little overlap between the microbial patterns observed in IBD, IBS, and coeliac disease, arguing against a general signature of intestinal problems. (5/15)