Many thanks to all co-authors on this project for their contributions! Thanks to @fwovlaanderen.bsky.social for the main funding for this project, the Zoo Antwerp Centre for Research and Conservation and the @uantwerpen.be for the support, and all of the zoos for their participation in the project!

👩‍🍼 Bonobos were also more similar to their mother than to other closely related bonobos in terms of their microbiomes - even when not living in the same group anymore, indicating an important contribution of vertical transmission on shaping the bonobo gut bacteriome.

🫂Within the zoo-housed population, we found large effects of grooming on gut bacteriome similarity within group members - larger than the effects of spatial sharing in the enclosure, dyadic tenure, or kinship effects.

🍴 Diet, age, medication use, seasonality, gut transit time and early life adversity were important contributors to gut bacteriome variation.

🌴Sample collection was standardized over the entire cohort, allowing us to reliably detect a shift in composition and decrease in diversity in the zoo compared to the wild. Prevotella was the most prevalent gut bacteriome genus, found in all bonobos, but occurring in higher abundance in the wild.

💩 We built 644 gut bacteriome profiles from fresh fecal samples of 212 bonobos, including two wild communities at the LuiKotale field site in the DRC and the entire European zoo-housed population (11 different zoos). Without their support, this study would not have been possible!