• Deep learning was used to estimate the stocking rate from high-resolution aerial imagery.
• Deep learning was used to estimate the stocking rate from high-resolution aerial imagery.
• Effluent pond density, dairy shed density, and stocking rate were identified as key drivers of stream nutrient concentrations, particularly during wet periods.
• Effluent pond density, dairy shed density, and stocking rate were identified as key drivers of stream nutrient concentrations, particularly during wet periods.
• We investigated how dairy farm infrastructure and stocking rates – along with other catchment characteristics such as climate, hydrology, land use, land cover, etc. – influence nutrient concentrations (NH₄⁺, FRP, NOₓ, TP, TN) in streams.
• We investigated how dairy farm infrastructure and stocking rates – along with other catchment characteristics such as climate, hydrology, land use, land cover, etc. – influence nutrient concentrations (NH₄⁺, FRP, NOₓ, TP, TN) in streams.