8/n Awareness of the eye movement itself, however, was low for spontaneous microsaccades but higher when a movement was intended or occurred despite attempts to fixate.

7/n We found that visual sensitivity was high whenever a microsaccade (real or replayed) slowed the stimulus on the retina—regardless of whether the action was intended, unintended, or spontaneous.

5/n To tease apart motor commands from visual feedback, we used a rapidly phase-shifting stimulus that’s invisible during steady gaze but pops into view when retinal motion slows—either due to a real microsaccade or a replay of its retinal trace. No-stim trials acted as controls.

4/n Our approach involved directly comparing three types of microsaccades:
• Intended (consciously planned)
• Unintended (executed despite intention to fixate)
• Spontaneous (uncontrolled or automatic)