Microbes are crucial to human health and environmental sustainability, influencing metabolism, nutrient cycling, and waste decomposition (1, 2). Yet, public understanding of their roles remains limited in Rajasthan, India, where overall literacy is 66.11%, with pronounced gender gaps (79.19% for males, 52.12% for females) and limited scientific awareness in rural areas (3). This knowledge gap is particularly alarming given Rajasthan’s escalating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) crisis, which extends beyond agricultural antibiotic use (4–6). Rajasthan faces high infection rates, with studies showing significant prevalence of community-acquired infections and notable antibiotic resistance among pathogens (7). Healthcare-associated infections in India can reach up to 83% in some hospitals, far exceeding global averages. Compounding the problem, wastewater and sewage management are critical challenges in this desert state (8). Water scarcity drives reliance on recycling and reuse, but inadequate treatment and open drains contribute to the spread of resistant microbes and antibiotic residues in the environment (9). Only a fraction of municipal wastewater is effectively treated, and untreated effluent often contaminates water bodies, creating reservoirs for AMR genes (10). These issues are intensified by the fragile water ecosystem and limited sanitation infrastructure, making AMR a pressing public health and environmental threat in Rajasthan.

Native monomeric β2-microglobulin (β2m) transforms into a partially unfolded state and adopts different conformers, namely, oligomers, protofibrils, and amyloids when NaCl concentration and agitation....