Isabel Sands
@isabel-sands.bsky.social
Physics PhD student at Caltech, interested in everything dark matter. Yale physics ‘21 (she/her)
In our simulations, all cosmic rays (which produce gamma rays by interacting with gas and radiation) are sourced by supernovae and stellar winds. There are NO black holes/AGN in the simulation. We’re also able to show that inverse Compton scattering of cosmic ray electrons is what makes bubbles.
October 17, 2025 at 5:21 PM
In our simulations, all cosmic rays (which produce gamma rays by interacting with gas and radiation) are sourced by supernovae and stellar winds. There are NO black holes/AGN in the simulation. We’re also able to show that inverse Compton scattering of cosmic ray electrons is what makes bubbles.
The Fermi bubbles were discovered in 2010 with observations from the Fermi gamma-ray telescope. Since then, their origins have been an open question. They have to have been formed by an energetic event, like clusters of supernovae or past activity of the black hole at the MW’s center.
October 17, 2025 at 5:15 PM
The Fermi bubbles were discovered in 2010 with observations from the Fermi gamma-ray telescope. Since then, their origins have been an open question. They have to have been formed by an energetic event, like clusters of supernovae or past activity of the black hole at the MW’s center.