My only question is, did Chinese men wear such boxer shorts at that time? I seriously doubt it. Hahaha.

Figure 1 is a record of Ma Gaowen. The other several are advertisements of electrotherapy devices in China after that, approximately published in 1905.

yeah！ It is very interesting that what we now see as pseudoscience theory provided a guarantee for his instrument sales at that time.

Because it was made in the 19th century, works on the basis of chemical primary batteries, and embedded in the cultural context at that time. Collecting and studying scientific instruments in the past is one of the directions that scholars in the history of science pay attention to at present.

I have found the book written by Charles Chardin to promote his instrument.

Wow, thank you! The information you provided is very helpful. This is the instrument collected by Tsinghua University Science Museum.

Today in Beijing, the highest temperature reached 37 degrees, making it dizzying, but the lecture was extremely wonderful!

Cool！