Immune SciComm
@immunescicomm.bsky.social
Sci Comm about infection and Immunity
Just when someone responds positively, they want to understand more, claim to want to follow more immunologists, they remove all their posts from the conversation and block? I don´t understand these people.
November 5, 2025 at 8:13 AM
Just when someone responds positively, they want to understand more, claim to want to follow more immunologists, they remove all their posts from the conversation and block? I don´t understand these people.
You are an outlier, together with a few others. This happened in a short space of time, the pandemic. You found each other because you started to pay attention to it. Now it seems there are many cases, but it remains rare and not limited to COVID-19.
November 4, 2025 at 8:55 PM
You are an outlier, together with a few others. This happened in a short space of time, the pandemic. You found each other because you started to pay attention to it. Now it seems there are many cases, but it remains rare and not limited to COVID-19.
It is very rare, and happens when there is a strong immune reaction. It can be triggered by many different infections but also food (allergies), environmental factors and stress. It is not new, and not unique for COVID-19.
November 4, 2025 at 8:53 PM
It is very rare, and happens when there is a strong immune reaction. It can be triggered by many different infections but also food (allergies), environmental factors and stress. It is not new, and not unique for COVID-19.
It is the same as for other infections, especially influenza. Viruses induce interferons, when this builds up, your immune system will be inhibited to avoid damaging you. This can result in secondary infections.
www.nature.com/articles/nri...
www.nature.com/articles/nri...
Type I interferons in infectious disease - Nature Reviews Immunology
Type I interferons have multiple direct and indirect effects on immune cells during infectious diseases. For the most part, they protect the host against infection, but they can also have adverse effe...
www.nature.com
November 4, 2025 at 8:50 PM
It is the same as for other infections, especially influenza. Viruses induce interferons, when this builds up, your immune system will be inhibited to avoid damaging you. This can result in secondary infections.
www.nature.com/articles/nri...
www.nature.com/articles/nri...
Not wanting to be cheeky, but not attacking those with a lot of knowledge, but engaging in why they claim what they claim and weighing up their experience and deep knowledge, would be a good start.
November 4, 2025 at 5:35 PM
Not wanting to be cheeky, but not attacking those with a lot of knowledge, but engaging in why they claim what they claim and weighing up their experience and deep knowledge, would be a good start.
I did not write it is good (evolutionary it was). What I wrote is there can be disadvantages. The reason is that viruses will keep infecting. When you regularly encounter them, you keep your immunity high. When you are shielded for some time, the infection may make you more ill.
November 4, 2025 at 5:29 PM
I did not write it is good (evolutionary it was). What I wrote is there can be disadvantages. The reason is that viruses will keep infecting. When you regularly encounter them, you keep your immunity high. When you are shielded for some time, the infection may make you more ill.
Clean air is good, it will only reduce risk in some spaces. It is different from water, with specific end points. Air is everywhere, and respiratory viruses will keep infecting. Reduction can have disadvantages as well, as iGAS and RSV, possibly VZV show.
November 4, 2025 at 5:22 PM
Clean air is good, it will only reduce risk in some spaces. It is different from water, with specific end points. Air is everywhere, and respiratory viruses will keep infecting. Reduction can have disadvantages as well, as iGAS and RSV, possibly VZV show.
It gives the information explaining why there was an uplift in cases in that specific age group and time. Hence, it does not need to show more. What you seem to think is a "got you" is not an argument at all.
November 4, 2025 at 5:07 PM
It gives the information explaining why there was an uplift in cases in that specific age group and time. Hence, it does not need to show more. What you seem to think is a "got you" is not an argument at all.
Depending on mutations of the microorganism, in the paper the virus SARS-COV-2, the repertoire will be tweaked as well.
The paper actually shows a very normal immune response. There is no concern about our repertoires at all!
The paper actually shows a very normal immune response. There is no concern about our repertoires at all!
November 4, 2025 at 1:53 PM
Depending on mutations of the microorganism, in the paper the virus SARS-COV-2, the repertoire will be tweaked as well.
The paper actually shows a very normal immune response. There is no concern about our repertoires at all!
The paper actually shows a very normal immune response. There is no concern about our repertoires at all!
There are more complications to do with our genes needed to select the TCRs, which are different between people, with a degree of chance involved as well. This makes which parts of the microorganism that is recognised different per person, and these parts can be more or less dominant.
November 4, 2025 at 1:53 PM
There are more complications to do with our genes needed to select the TCRs, which are different between people, with a degree of chance involved as well. This makes which parts of the microorganism that is recognised different per person, and these parts can be more or less dominant.
This happens with every infection. There are some more nuances. Not all the cells that initially expand will become memory cells and not all memory cells will respond upon reinfection. Hence, the repertoires will not be identical.
November 4, 2025 at 1:53 PM
This happens with every infection. There are some more nuances. Not all the cells that initially expand will become memory cells and not all memory cells will respond upon reinfection. Hence, the repertoires will not be identical.
But, then there is the contraction phase, and many of the newly expanded T cells die, the repertoire seems more broad again. This is the HC group, 9 months after infection.
Then, there is a reinfection, the RI group. The TCRs respond again: repertoire seems reduced. This is the general principle.
Then, there is a reinfection, the RI group. The TCRs respond again: repertoire seems reduced. This is the general principle.
November 4, 2025 at 1:53 PM
But, then there is the contraction phase, and many of the newly expanded T cells die, the repertoire seems more broad again. This is the HC group, 9 months after infection.
Then, there is a reinfection, the RI group. The TCRs respond again: repertoire seems reduced. This is the general principle.
Then, there is a reinfection, the RI group. The TCRs respond again: repertoire seems reduced. This is the general principle.
This time you find 2 colours, repertoire = 2.
If we replace M&Ms by T cells, there are many, many more "colours" or TCRs. We have a broad repertoire. Then we get infected, and a few of the TCRs are multiplied, when we sample the repertoire it seems reduced. This is the PI group in the paper.
If we replace M&Ms by T cells, there are many, many more "colours" or TCRs. We have a broad repertoire. Then we get infected, and a few of the TCRs are multiplied, when we sample the repertoire it seems reduced. This is the PI group in the paper.
November 4, 2025 at 1:53 PM
This time you find 2 colours, repertoire = 2.
If we replace M&Ms by T cells, there are many, many more "colours" or TCRs. We have a broad repertoire. Then we get infected, and a few of the TCRs are multiplied, when we sample the repertoire it seems reduced. This is the PI group in the paper.
If we replace M&Ms by T cells, there are many, many more "colours" or TCRs. We have a broad repertoire. Then we get infected, and a few of the TCRs are multiplied, when we sample the repertoire it seems reduced. This is the PI group in the paper.
Although all colours are still present, green dominates and make it seem as if the repertoire of colours has reduced.
You will now eat, selectively, many green M&Ms.
You sample 20 M&Ms again, and see all colours, repertoire = 6.
You add another bag of green M&Ms, and sample 20 MM&Ms again.
You will now eat, selectively, many green M&Ms.
You sample 20 M&Ms again, and see all colours, repertoire = 6.
You add another bag of green M&Ms, and sample 20 MM&Ms again.
November 4, 2025 at 1:53 PM
Although all colours are still present, green dominates and make it seem as if the repertoire of colours has reduced.
You will now eat, selectively, many green M&Ms.
You sample 20 M&Ms again, and see all colours, repertoire = 6.
You add another bag of green M&Ms, and sample 20 MM&Ms again.
You will now eat, selectively, many green M&Ms.
You sample 20 M&Ms again, and see all colours, repertoire = 6.
You add another bag of green M&Ms, and sample 20 MM&Ms again.
What happens if you take, at random 20 M&Ms from the initial bag of M&Ms? From the 6 colours, you likely see all 6. You count the repertoire = 6.
After adding a large bag with greens, you pick 20 M&M again, the likelihood is you will see a lot of green M&Ms, maybe 2 other colours: repertoire = 3.
After adding a large bag with greens, you pick 20 M&M again, the likelihood is you will see a lot of green M&Ms, maybe 2 other colours: repertoire = 3.
November 4, 2025 at 1:53 PM
What happens if you take, at random 20 M&Ms from the initial bag of M&Ms? From the 6 colours, you likely see all 6. You count the repertoire = 6.
After adding a large bag with greens, you pick 20 M&M again, the likelihood is you will see a lot of green M&Ms, maybe 2 other colours: repertoire = 3.
After adding a large bag with greens, you pick 20 M&M again, the likelihood is you will see a lot of green M&Ms, maybe 2 other colours: repertoire = 3.
Think of it as colours. Imagine you have a large bag with M&Ms of all 6 colours . Your colour repertoire is high (6).
The bag gets invaded by something, and only the green M&M respond by multiplying! Like adding a bag of green M&Ms.
The bag gets invaded by something, and only the green M&M respond by multiplying! Like adding a bag of green M&Ms.
November 4, 2025 at 1:53 PM
Think of it as colours. Imagine you have a large bag with M&Ms of all 6 colours . Your colour repertoire is high (6).
The bag gets invaded by something, and only the green M&M respond by multiplying! Like adding a bag of green M&Ms.
The bag gets invaded by something, and only the green M&M respond by multiplying! Like adding a bag of green M&Ms.
This gives you the advantage next time. The cells are already with many more, at places where you could be infected again, and they are fully functional. This is what immunologists refer to as immunity: very good protection against getting ill when you are re-infected.
What about the repertoire?
What about the repertoire?
November 4, 2025 at 1:53 PM
This gives you the advantage next time. The cells are already with many more, at places where you could be infected again, and they are fully functional. This is what immunologists refer to as immunity: very good protection against getting ill when you are re-infected.
What about the repertoire?
What about the repertoire?
This multiplication is called clonal expansion. It costs a lot of energy to make all these new cells, and you cannot keep them. The majority will die when the infection is cleared. This is called retraction. However, you keep several of these cells as part of your memory pool.
November 4, 2025 at 1:53 PM
This multiplication is called clonal expansion. It costs a lot of energy to make all these new cells, and you cannot keep them. The majority will die when the infection is cleared. This is called retraction. However, you keep several of these cells as part of your memory pool.
You do that by making these specific T cells, not all the others, multiply. Each daughter cell has the same TCR, recognises the same, and mostly only, the microorganism that infected you. However, this takes time, several weeks. That is why a vaccine only works after about 14 days.
November 4, 2025 at 1:53 PM
You do that by making these specific T cells, not all the others, multiply. Each daughter cell has the same TCR, recognises the same, and mostly only, the microorganism that infected you. However, this takes time, several weeks. That is why a vaccine only works after about 14 days.
This is good and not so good.
It is good because this makes sure you always have a few T cells that will recognise a new microorganism or virus that infects you, even if you have never encountered it before.
It is not so good, because you only have few of these T cells. This you compensate for.
It is good because this makes sure you always have a few T cells that will recognise a new microorganism or virus that infects you, even if you have never encountered it before.
It is not so good, because you only have few of these T cells. This you compensate for.
November 4, 2025 at 1:53 PM
This is good and not so good.
It is good because this makes sure you always have a few T cells that will recognise a new microorganism or virus that infects you, even if you have never encountered it before.
It is not so good, because you only have few of these T cells. This you compensate for.
It is good because this makes sure you always have a few T cells that will recognise a new microorganism or virus that infects you, even if you have never encountered it before.
It is not so good, because you only have few of these T cells. This you compensate for.
First it is important to understand what a T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire is. A T cell has a TCR that is nearly unique compared to all the other T cells. Each T cell has a TCR, and you have 100s millions of T cells. Collectively, this is the repertoire. The more unique TCRs, the broader it is.
November 4, 2025 at 1:53 PM
First it is important to understand what a T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire is. A T cell has a TCR that is nearly unique compared to all the other T cells. Each T cell has a TCR, and you have 100s millions of T cells. Collectively, this is the repertoire. The more unique TCRs, the broader it is.
When you don´t like bad data, it seems strange to show a graph end of 2025, which runs to 2023?
The reason for the two infections there was a noticeable bounce back for, in a particular age group, is well explained.
jamanetwork.com/journals/jam...
The reason for the two infections there was a noticeable bounce back for, in a particular age group, is well explained.
jamanetwork.com/journals/jam...
Immunity to S pyogenes and Common Respiratory Viruses at Age 0 to 4 Years
This cross-sectional study examines changes in immunity to Streptococcus pyogenes and other common respiratory pathogens among young children in 10 European countries after the introduction of nonphar...
jamanetwork.com
November 4, 2025 at 10:52 AM
When you don´t like bad data, it seems strange to show a graph end of 2025, which runs to 2023?
The reason for the two infections there was a noticeable bounce back for, in a particular age group, is well explained.
jamanetwork.com/journals/jam...
The reason for the two infections there was a noticeable bounce back for, in a particular age group, is well explained.
jamanetwork.com/journals/jam...
What a strange response! Why would you accuse me of being someone else? You are very wrong, wrong country, wrong age and even wrong sex.
Why not just address the question? Why would you desperately avoid facts?
Why not just address the question? Why would you desperately avoid facts?
November 1, 2025 at 4:26 PM
What a strange response! Why would you accuse me of being someone else? You are very wrong, wrong country, wrong age and even wrong sex.
Why not just address the question? Why would you desperately avoid facts?
Why not just address the question? Why would you desperately avoid facts?