Thank you to DDr. Philip Czech for the helpful remarks and attention to detail, and to Dr. Lisa Heschl for the excellent collaboration. I would also like to thank the two anonymous reviewers and @dkagiaros.bsky.social for their insightful comments on an earlier draft.

My contribution explores the Court's approach to MAR (including surrogacy) in light of key themes such as subsidiarity, cross-border travel, the protection of non-traditional families, and gender discrimination.