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Together with white allies and Chinese across the Pacific, Chinese denizens of the United States formed one of the largest civil disobedience movements of their century. At stake was the future of exclusion and the avenues of belonging for Chinese in America.

In 1892, the Geary Act dramatically expanded Chinese exclusion by requiring all Chinese immigrants in the United States to register, under threat of deportation. This article unearths the transpacific networks of people and ideas that are revealed by, and mobilized against, the Geary Act.

📸 Basque sheep herder leading pack train down from summer camp in Bear Valley, Adams County, Idaho, 1939. Dorothea Lange, Library of Congress.

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📸 Sheepherder “tying his horse to chuck wagon [i.e., sheepherder's wagon],” Madison County, Montana, 1939. Arthur Rothstein, Library of Congress.

📸 Basque sheepherder, Dangberg Ranch, Douglas County, Nevada, 1940. Arthur Rothstein, Library of Congress.

📸 Sheepherders and lambing tents, Madison County, Montana, 1939. Arthur Rothstein, Library of Congress.

6/ Remains of a home following a fire in Malibu in the late 1950s. Pepperdine Libraries.

5/ A burning hillside in Malibu during the Old Topanga Fire, 1993. The fire burned 18,000 acres and destroyed 323 structures. Pepperdine Libraries.

4/ Firetruck in the “flamed-scarred” Topanga-Malibu area where a fire threatened countless homes, 1943. Los Angeles Public Library.