HispanAm
@hispanam.bsky.social
📜 HispanAm | History of Hispanic America
From the first settlers to the present: exploring the history, myths, and realities of our land. 🌎📖 #History #HispanicAmerica
From the first settlers to the present: exploring the history, myths, and realities of our land. 🌎📖 #History #HispanicAmerica
El siglo XVII no fue estancamiento.
Fue construcción.
La América criolla se organizó, se conectó y prosperó fuera del guion imperial.
Y esa historia, casi olvidada, es clave para entender lo que vino después.
Síguenos 🧵🌎
Fue construcción.
La América criolla se organizó, se conectó y prosperó fuera del guion imperial.
Y esa historia, casi olvidada, es clave para entender lo que vino después.
Síguenos 🧵🌎
June 5, 2025 at 1:03 PM
El siglo XVII no fue estancamiento.
Fue construcción.
La América criolla se organizó, se conectó y prosperó fuera del guion imperial.
Y esa historia, casi olvidada, es clave para entender lo que vino después.
Síguenos 🧵🌎
Fue construcción.
La América criolla se organizó, se conectó y prosperó fuera del guion imperial.
Y esa historia, casi olvidada, es clave para entender lo que vino después.
Síguenos 🧵🌎
Y entonces llegó 1700.
El rey murió sin heredero, Europa ardió.
Pero Hispanoamérica no se rompió.
¿Por qué?
Porque ya funcionábamos como una red autónoma.
Salir del sistema habría sido perder más que ganar.
El rey murió sin heredero, Europa ardió.
Pero Hispanoamérica no se rompió.
¿Por qué?
Porque ya funcionábamos como una red autónoma.
Salir del sistema habría sido perder más que ganar.
June 5, 2025 at 1:03 PM
Y entonces llegó 1700.
El rey murió sin heredero, Europa ardió.
Pero Hispanoamérica no se rompió.
¿Por qué?
Porque ya funcionábamos como una red autónoma.
Salir del sistema habría sido perder más que ganar.
El rey murió sin heredero, Europa ardió.
Pero Hispanoamérica no se rompió.
¿Por qué?
Porque ya funcionábamos como una red autónoma.
Salir del sistema habría sido perder más que ganar.
En los papeles: un rey, un impuesto, una flota. Lo que luego los soviéticos llamarían "Planificación Central".
En la práctica:
➤Rutas ocultas
➤Monedas locales
➤Pactos regionales
Era el “imperio gris”: un sistema paralelo que nos sostuvo cuando el oficial fallaba.
En la práctica:
➤Rutas ocultas
➤Monedas locales
➤Pactos regionales
Era el “imperio gris”: un sistema paralelo que nos sostuvo cuando el oficial fallaba.
June 5, 2025 at 1:03 PM
En los papeles: un rey, un impuesto, una flota. Lo que luego los soviéticos llamarían "Planificación Central".
En la práctica:
➤Rutas ocultas
➤Monedas locales
➤Pactos regionales
Era el “imperio gris”: un sistema paralelo que nos sostuvo cuando el oficial fallaba.
En la práctica:
➤Rutas ocultas
➤Monedas locales
➤Pactos regionales
Era el “imperio gris”: un sistema paralelo que nos sostuvo cuando el oficial fallaba.
El sur también se movía:
🇵🇪 Perú vendía trigo y vino a Chile.
🇦🇷 Buenos Aires, aislada, contrabandeaba cueros con Brasil.
🇵🇾 Las misiones jesuitas en Paraguay producían como miniestados.
Cada región tejía su propio camino.
🇵🇪 Perú vendía trigo y vino a Chile.
🇦🇷 Buenos Aires, aislada, contrabandeaba cueros con Brasil.
🇵🇾 Las misiones jesuitas en Paraguay producían como miniestados.
Cada región tejía su propio camino.
June 5, 2025 at 1:03 PM
El sur también se movía:
🇵🇪 Perú vendía trigo y vino a Chile.
🇦🇷 Buenos Aires, aislada, contrabandeaba cueros con Brasil.
🇵🇾 Las misiones jesuitas en Paraguay producían como miniestados.
Cada región tejía su propio camino.
🇵🇪 Perú vendía trigo y vino a Chile.
🇦🇷 Buenos Aires, aislada, contrabandeaba cueros con Brasil.
🇵🇾 Las misiones jesuitas en Paraguay producían como miniestados.
Cada región tejía su propio camino.
Desde Acapulco, el Galeón de Manila llevaba plata mexicana a Asia.
Y volvía con sedas, especias, porcelanas.
Estas riquezas recorrían Lima, Quito, Guatemala.
Era una globalización sin permiso y sin plan.
Pero muy real.
Y volvía con sedas, especias, porcelanas.
Estas riquezas recorrían Lima, Quito, Guatemala.
Era una globalización sin permiso y sin plan.
Pero muy real.
June 5, 2025 at 1:03 PM
Desde Acapulco, el Galeón de Manila llevaba plata mexicana a Asia.
Y volvía con sedas, especias, porcelanas.
Estas riquezas recorrían Lima, Quito, Guatemala.
Era una globalización sin permiso y sin plan.
Pero muy real.
Y volvía con sedas, especias, porcelanas.
Estas riquezas recorrían Lima, Quito, Guatemala.
Era una globalización sin permiso y sin plan.
Pero muy real.
En Venezuela y Nueva Granada, el cacao era el oro marrón.
Y no viajaba a Cádiz, sino a México, el verdadero centro del imperio.
Ese comercio intercolonial, ilegal pero irremediablemente tolerado, levantó élites criollas en Caracas y Bogotá.
Ricas, orgullosas… y fuera del radar.
Y no viajaba a Cádiz, sino a México, el verdadero centro del imperio.
Ese comercio intercolonial, ilegal pero irremediablemente tolerado, levantó élites criollas en Caracas y Bogotá.
Ricas, orgullosas… y fuera del radar.
June 5, 2025 at 1:03 PM
En Venezuela y Nueva Granada, el cacao era el oro marrón.
Y no viajaba a Cádiz, sino a México, el verdadero centro del imperio.
Ese comercio intercolonial, ilegal pero irremediablemente tolerado, levantó élites criollas en Caracas y Bogotá.
Ricas, orgullosas… y fuera del radar.
Y no viajaba a Cádiz, sino a México, el verdadero centro del imperio.
Ese comercio intercolonial, ilegal pero irremediablemente tolerado, levantó élites criollas en Caracas y Bogotá.
Ricas, orgullosas… y fuera del radar.
Las minas mexicanas producían plata a montones.
¿Destino? Sevilla, en teoría.
Pero mucha se quedaba: financiaba templos, caminos y ciudades en América.
Los criollos manejaban los hilos.
Y el rey… miraba desde lejos.
¿Destino? Sevilla, en teoría.
Pero mucha se quedaba: financiaba templos, caminos y ciudades en América.
Los criollos manejaban los hilos.
Y el rey… miraba desde lejos.
June 5, 2025 at 1:03 PM
Las minas mexicanas producían plata a montones.
¿Destino? Sevilla, en teoría.
Pero mucha se quedaba: financiaba templos, caminos y ciudades en América.
Los criollos manejaban los hilos.
Y el rey… miraba desde lejos.
¿Destino? Sevilla, en teoría.
Pero mucha se quedaba: financiaba templos, caminos y ciudades en América.
Los criollos manejaban los hilos.
Y el rey… miraba desde lejos.
La Corona tenía un plan:
⚓ Solo puertos oficiales
🛡 Solo flotas del rey
📜 Solo comerciantes autorizados
Pero América era inmensa, rica y lejana.
Y la realidad se impuso: reglas en Madrid, vida propia en América.
⚓ Solo puertos oficiales
🛡 Solo flotas del rey
📜 Solo comerciantes autorizados
Pero América era inmensa, rica y lejana.
Y la realidad se impuso: reglas en Madrid, vida propia en América.
June 5, 2025 at 1:03 PM
La Corona tenía un plan:
⚓ Solo puertos oficiales
🛡 Solo flotas del rey
📜 Solo comerciantes autorizados
Pero América era inmensa, rica y lejana.
Y la realidad se impuso: reglas en Madrid, vida propia en América.
⚓ Solo puertos oficiales
🛡 Solo flotas del rey
📜 Solo comerciantes autorizados
Pero América era inmensa, rica y lejana.
Y la realidad se impuso: reglas en Madrid, vida propia en América.
Nos dijeron que América fue una colonia obediente.
Pero en los 1600, Hispanoamérica ya pensaba por su cuenta.
Mientras España intentaba mandar, acá se comerciaba, se fundaban ciudades y se amasaban fortunas... al margen de la ley.
Nuestro propio imperio en las sombras.
Pero en los 1600, Hispanoamérica ya pensaba por su cuenta.
Mientras España intentaba mandar, acá se comerciaba, se fundaban ciudades y se amasaban fortunas... al margen de la ley.
Nuestro propio imperio en las sombras.
June 5, 2025 at 1:03 PM
Nos dijeron que América fue una colonia obediente.
Pero en los 1600, Hispanoamérica ya pensaba por su cuenta.
Mientras España intentaba mandar, acá se comerciaba, se fundaban ciudades y se amasaban fortunas... al margen de la ley.
Nuestro propio imperio en las sombras.
Pero en los 1600, Hispanoamérica ya pensaba por su cuenta.
Mientras España intentaba mandar, acá se comerciaba, se fundaban ciudades y se amasaban fortunas... al margen de la ley.
Nuestro propio imperio en las sombras.
11/11
History doesn’t repeat, but it echoes.
ISI left mixed lessons.
Today, it’s not about copying the past — but learning from it.
Industry? Yes — with strategy.
Integration? Yes — with purpose.
What path will Hispanic America choose?
History doesn’t repeat, but it echoes.
ISI left mixed lessons.
Today, it’s not about copying the past — but learning from it.
Industry? Yes — with strategy.
Integration? Yes — with purpose.
What path will Hispanic America choose?
April 7, 2025 at 11:26 AM
11/11
History doesn’t repeat, but it echoes.
ISI left mixed lessons.
Today, it’s not about copying the past — but learning from it.
Industry? Yes — with strategy.
Integration? Yes — with purpose.
What path will Hispanic America choose?
History doesn’t repeat, but it echoes.
ISI left mixed lessons.
Today, it’s not about copying the past — but learning from it.
Industry? Yes — with strategy.
Integration? Yes — with purpose.
What path will Hispanic America choose?
10/11
But today the global landscape is shifting once again. Trade wars, the reshoring of supply chains, and new forms of protectionism are challenging the idea of open markets. In this new context, a familiar question returns: What kind of trade policy should Hispanic America pursue?
But today the global landscape is shifting once again. Trade wars, the reshoring of supply chains, and new forms of protectionism are challenging the idea of open markets. In this new context, a familiar question returns: What kind of trade policy should Hispanic America pursue?
April 7, 2025 at 11:26 AM
10/11
But today the global landscape is shifting once again. Trade wars, the reshoring of supply chains, and new forms of protectionism are challenging the idea of open markets. In this new context, a familiar question returns: What kind of trade policy should Hispanic America pursue?
But today the global landscape is shifting once again. Trade wars, the reshoring of supply chains, and new forms of protectionism are challenging the idea of open markets. In this new context, a familiar question returns: What kind of trade policy should Hispanic America pursue?
9/11
In the 1990s, globalization reshaped Hispanic America. Countries opened their economies, reduced tariffs, privatized state-owned companies, and deregulated markets. Free trade agreements multiplied. The region turned away from protectionism and toward foreign capital and export-led growth.
In the 1990s, globalization reshaped Hispanic America. Countries opened their economies, reduced tariffs, privatized state-owned companies, and deregulated markets. Free trade agreements multiplied. The region turned away from protectionism and toward foreign capital and export-led growth.
April 7, 2025 at 11:26 AM
9/11
In the 1990s, globalization reshaped Hispanic America. Countries opened their economies, reduced tariffs, privatized state-owned companies, and deregulated markets. Free trade agreements multiplied. The region turned away from protectionism and toward foreign capital and export-led growth.
In the 1990s, globalization reshaped Hispanic America. Countries opened their economies, reduced tariffs, privatized state-owned companies, and deregulated markets. Free trade agreements multiplied. The region turned away from protectionism and toward foreign capital and export-led growth.
8/11
The 1980s debt crisis — Hispanic America’s “lost decade” — hit hard.
Governments couldn't repay foreign loans.
Interest rates soared, capital fled, and spending collapsed.
ISI’s foundations crumbled.
The 1980s debt crisis — Hispanic America’s “lost decade” — hit hard.
Governments couldn't repay foreign loans.
Interest rates soared, capital fled, and spending collapsed.
ISI’s foundations crumbled.
April 7, 2025 at 11:26 AM
8/11
The 1980s debt crisis — Hispanic America’s “lost decade” — hit hard.
Governments couldn't repay foreign loans.
Interest rates soared, capital fled, and spending collapsed.
ISI’s foundations crumbled.
The 1980s debt crisis — Hispanic America’s “lost decade” — hit hard.
Governments couldn't repay foreign loans.
Interest rates soared, capital fled, and spending collapsed.
ISI’s foundations crumbled.
7/11
By the 1970s, ISI began to weaken:
Many industries weren’t globally competitive
They relied on imported inputs
Debt, inflation, and deficits mounted
Crisis was brewing.
By the 1970s, ISI began to weaken:
Many industries weren’t globally competitive
They relied on imported inputs
Debt, inflation, and deficits mounted
Crisis was brewing.
April 7, 2025 at 11:26 AM
7/11
By the 1970s, ISI began to weaken:
Many industries weren’t globally competitive
They relied on imported inputs
Debt, inflation, and deficits mounted
Crisis was brewing.
By the 1970s, ISI began to weaken:
Many industries weren’t globally competitive
They relied on imported inputs
Debt, inflation, and deficits mounted
Crisis was brewing.
6/11
Did competition increase?
Yes.
Local firms had to become more efficient and modern to compete in regional markets.
Some thrived. Others, especially in smaller countries, collapsed.
Did competition increase?
Yes.
Local firms had to become more efficient and modern to compete in regional markets.
Some thrived. Others, especially in smaller countries, collapsed.
April 7, 2025 at 11:26 AM
6/11
Did competition increase?
Yes.
Local firms had to become more efficient and modern to compete in regional markets.
Some thrived. Others, especially in smaller countries, collapsed.
Did competition increase?
Yes.
Local firms had to become more efficient and modern to compete in regional markets.
Some thrived. Others, especially in smaller countries, collapsed.
5/11
Several agreements were signed:
ALALC (1960) and later ALADI (1980) to gradually eliminate tariffs
Andean Pact (1969) created a free trade zone between 🇻🇪🇨🇴🇪🇨🇵🇪🇧🇴🇨🇱
Mercosur (1991) formed a free trade zone between 🇦🇷🇧🇷🇺🇾🇵🇾, plus a customs union and automotive coordination
Several agreements were signed:
ALALC (1960) and later ALADI (1980) to gradually eliminate tariffs
Andean Pact (1969) created a free trade zone between 🇻🇪🇨🇴🇪🇨🇵🇪🇧🇴🇨🇱
Mercosur (1991) formed a free trade zone between 🇦🇷🇧🇷🇺🇾🇵🇾, plus a customs union and automotive coordination
April 7, 2025 at 11:26 AM
5/11
Several agreements were signed:
ALALC (1960) and later ALADI (1980) to gradually eliminate tariffs
Andean Pact (1969) created a free trade zone between 🇻🇪🇨🇴🇪🇨🇵🇪🇧🇴🇨🇱
Mercosur (1991) formed a free trade zone between 🇦🇷🇧🇷🇺🇾🇵🇾, plus a customs union and automotive coordination
Several agreements were signed:
ALALC (1960) and later ALADI (1980) to gradually eliminate tariffs
Andean Pact (1969) created a free trade zone between 🇻🇪🇨🇴🇪🇨🇵🇪🇧🇴🇨🇱
Mercosur (1991) formed a free trade zone between 🇦🇷🇧🇷🇺🇾🇵🇾, plus a customs union and automotive coordination
4/11
But soon a problem arose: domestic markets were too small.
To support complex industries, larger consumer bases were needed.
The answer? Regional integration.
But soon a problem arose: domestic markets were too small.
To support complex industries, larger consumer bases were needed.
The answer? Regional integration.
April 7, 2025 at 11:26 AM
4/11
But soon a problem arose: domestic markets were too small.
To support complex industries, larger consumer bases were needed.
The answer? Regional integration.
But soon a problem arose: domestic markets were too small.
To support complex industries, larger consumer bases were needed.
The answer? Regional integration.
3/11
The goals? Urban employment, industrial growth, strong domestic markets, and less dependency on industrial powers.
It worked... at first. The immediate effect was that factories, middle classes, and modern cities expanded.
The goals? Urban employment, industrial growth, strong domestic markets, and less dependency on industrial powers.
It worked... at first. The immediate effect was that factories, middle classes, and modern cities expanded.
April 7, 2025 at 11:26 AM
3/11
The goals? Urban employment, industrial growth, strong domestic markets, and less dependency on industrial powers.
It worked... at first. The immediate effect was that factories, middle classes, and modern cities expanded.
The goals? Urban employment, industrial growth, strong domestic markets, and less dependency on industrial powers.
It worked... at first. The immediate effect was that factories, middle classes, and modern cities expanded.
2/11
ISI emerged after the Great Depression and WWII, when industrial goods from abroad stopped arriving.
Hispanic American countries began producing these goods themselves.
Governments protected local industries with tariffs, subsidies, and economic planning.
ISI emerged after the Great Depression and WWII, when industrial goods from abroad stopped arriving.
Hispanic American countries began producing these goods themselves.
Governments protected local industries with tariffs, subsidies, and economic planning.
April 7, 2025 at 11:26 AM
2/11
ISI emerged after the Great Depression and WWII, when industrial goods from abroad stopped arriving.
Hispanic American countries began producing these goods themselves.
Governments protected local industries with tariffs, subsidies, and economic planning.
ISI emerged after the Great Depression and WWII, when industrial goods from abroad stopped arriving.
Hispanic American countries began producing these goods themselves.
Governments protected local industries with tariffs, subsidies, and economic planning.
This is the story of the third people that make up Hispanic America.
The migration through Beringia introduced the Indigenous peoples.
Slavery brought enslaved Black populations.
And here begins the story of the Spaniards, who would go to build the first global Empire. bsky.app/profile/hisp...
The migration through Beringia introduced the Indigenous peoples.
Slavery brought enslaved Black populations.
And here begins the story of the Spaniards, who would go to build the first global Empire. bsky.app/profile/hisp...
March 30, 2025 at 4:55 PM
This is the story of the third people that make up Hispanic America.
The migration through Beringia introduced the Indigenous peoples.
Slavery brought enslaved Black populations.
And here begins the story of the Spaniards, who would go to build the first global Empire. bsky.app/profile/hisp...
The migration through Beringia introduced the Indigenous peoples.
Slavery brought enslaved Black populations.
And here begins the story of the Spaniards, who would go to build the first global Empire. bsky.app/profile/hisp...
The Visigothic kingdom didn’t fall just because of the Muslim invasion. It imploded: betrayals, internal struggles, and one bad decision sealed its fate. Thus, Al-Andalus was born, shaping Spain’s history for centuries.
March 30, 2025 at 4:49 PM
The Visigothic kingdom didn’t fall just because of the Muslim invasion. It imploded: betrayals, internal struggles, and one bad decision sealed its fate. Thus, Al-Andalus was born, shaping Spain’s history for centuries.
Musa ibn Nusayr arrived in 712 with reinforcements to consolidate the conquest. In just three years, almost the entire Iberian Peninsula fell under Muslim rule. Only small pockets of resistance remained in the north, where the Christian kingdoms would emerge.
March 30, 2025 at 4:49 PM
Musa ibn Nusayr arrived in 712 with reinforcements to consolidate the conquest. In just three years, almost the entire Iberian Peninsula fell under Muslim rule. Only small pockets of resistance remained in the north, where the Christian kingdoms would emerge.
Rodrigo disappeared in the battle (likely killed), leaving the kingdom leaderless. Tariq ibn Ziyad wasted no time: he swiftly conquered cities like Córdoba and Toledo. Hispania was practically defenseless.
March 30, 2025 at 4:49 PM
Rodrigo disappeared in the battle (likely killed), leaving the kingdom leaderless. Tariq ibn Ziyad wasted no time: he swiftly conquered cities like Córdoba and Toledo. Hispania was practically defenseless.