The use-cases section includes every article we cite and, beyond that, a large selection of articles that apply polarization measures.

If you feel like a paper or measure (maybe yours) is missing in our collection, please feel free to reach out to us :)

Our R-package, polaR, makes all the code used for the visualizations available via Github. If you only want to download the data, the shiny app lets you download a csv-file with your individual sample.

We collected all the measures that we used for a review paper in one dataset and compiled them into this encyclopedia. You can find origins, definitions, but also the data: our interactive shiny app allows you to visualize trends of polarization with different measures, datasets and country samples.

I believe this might be explained by extrapolation of bad experiences to a group of parties, but also by fewer perceived connection points to the other camp. There's evidence for at least the 2nd point: the likelihood to switch votes across camps decreases w stronger outgroup homogeneity perception.

Hold tight because it doesn’t stop there, I can also show that the perception of homogeneity is connected to negative feelings in the outcome. The more homogenous you perceive the others, the less you like them. This also holds across time with different waves of the @gles.bsky.social.

Outgroup homogeneity is a known concept in Psychology and I apply it to left-right party camps (and others for anyone who looks at the appendix). Parties in the outcamp are perceived as closer 1) than they perceive themselves to be and 2) than those in the own camp.

Here we go 🍎 as my first paper got published at WEP this week!
I show that political out-groups are perceived to be more homogeneous and that this is driving negative feelings and (un)willingness to vote for the other group.
It is open access, so you can give it a read here: doi.org/10.1080/0140...

If you're sitting at home during the holidays and wondering "what is new on affective polarization?", you can head over to polarization.wiki where we updated our collection of affective polarization literature with some new papers. Plus: it's snowing!

cc: @aleininger.bsky.social

Lastly, our encyclopedia is part of a larger project on polarization and direct democracy. In its course, we have also written a review paper on political polarization in multiparty systems. You can now find an updated version of it on OSF, here:
doi.org/10.31235/osf...

Where possible, we recreated the measures and bundled them in a shiny app which allows you to compare different measures between countries, years and datasets. It even allows to download the data and use it for your own research.

Apart from the most common definitions of polarization, our encyclopedia collects how these definitions are:

- defined and measured,
- using which items,
- in which datasets
- and by whom.

All of this is linked, so that you can quickly gain a good overview of a specific area.