Artist and statesman of European stature, his authority secured Poland’s place at Versailles as a subject of history, not an object of others’ decisions.
#History #Poland
German defenses collapsed within days, major Polish cities were liberated, and Soviet forces reached the Oder, opening the direct road to Berlin.
#WorldWarII #History
German defenses collapsed within days, major Polish cities were liberated, and Soviet forces reached the Oder, opening the direct road to Berlin.
#WorldWarII #History
• Józef Kuraś “Ogień” — Zakopane
• Zygmunt Szendzielarz “Łupaszko” — Kraków
Their public commemoration remains controversial due to postwar violence against civilians.
#History #WarCriminals
• Józef Kuraś “Ogień” — Zakopane
• Zygmunt Szendzielarz “Łupaszko” — Kraków
Their public commemoration remains controversial due to postwar violence against civilians.
#History #WarCriminals
#History #Culture
The fall of state structures led to chaos, not stability—proving that democracy cannot be imposed by force, but grows through long social and historical processes.
#Geopolitics #Democracy
The fall of state structures led to chaos, not stability—proving that democracy cannot be imposed by force, but grows through long social and historical processes.
#Geopolitics #Democracy
It unites enduring values, the rule of law, responsibility, and historical continuity with respect for global interdependence—rejecting both crude nationalism and rootless relativism.
#Future #Humanity
#History
#History
#Weltschmerz
#Weltschmerz
Poland moved to control non-Polish lands before borders were settled, climaxing with the 1920 Kyiv campaign.
The Treaty of Riga then ended the Petliura alliance, partitioning Ukraine and leaving it under Soviet rule.
#History #Geopolitics
Poland moved to control non-Polish lands before borders were settled, climaxing with the 1920 Kyiv campaign.
The Treaty of Riga then ended the Petliura alliance, partitioning Ukraine and leaving it under Soviet rule.
#History #Geopolitics
Policies of forced Polonization, cultural suppression, and military settlement radicalized Ukrainians, fueling long-term tensions.
#History #Wolyn
Top producers (est. 2024/25, TWh):
China ~10,000+,
US ~4,400,
EU ~2,700,
India ~2,050,
Russia ~1,150.
#Energy #Geopolitics
Top producers (est. 2024/25, TWh):
China ~10,000+,
US ~4,400,
EU ~2,700,
India ~2,050,
Russia ~1,150.
#Energy #Geopolitics
Five days later, a nationalist killed him—showing how chauvinism can destroy democracy from within.
#History #HumanRights
Five days later, a nationalist killed him—showing how chauvinism can destroy democracy from within.
#History #HumanRights
#History #Poland
Flights, trade, and contact brought families closer and opened space for understanding.
History shows bridges build stability; walls entrench fear.
#Peace #Dialogue
#History #Exploration
#History #Exploration
His reign saw territorial expansion, including the conquest of Livonia and strategic victories like Wielkie Łuki, culminating in the 1582 Treaty of Jam Zapolski.
#Poland #History