The fight against antibiotic resistance is still ongoing but by expanding our knowledge of potential treatments, the mechanisms of the bacteria and combinations of different drugs like they have in this study, science is ever closer to finding a solution.

This study has provided a good foundation for future research into Pa’s antibiotic resistance. To further this, more strains of Pa could be tested in order to diversify results and in vivo research can begin to take place, so the mechanisms can be understood in detail.

Like all studies, this one also has limitations, one being that the research took place in the lab, meaning we don’t know how the body's environment will affect the outcome of the reactions. Furthermore, all of the strains of Pa used were from the same place, other strains may react differently.

Additionally, it was found that when HQ is combined with other drugs eg; Ceftazidime, both of the drugs work more effectively against the bacteria (Pa). This is called synergy, it requires a lower dose of each drug and so less side effects are experienced, compared to a single higher dose.

So what were the results?
HQ was able to inhibit the Pa isolates at 2.50mg/mL and kill them at 5.00 mg/mL.
The simulations found that HQ could interact with the binding sites of all the target proteins (in this case the proteins that keep the bacteria alive).

To better understand the impact of HQ scientists used a variety of methods:
Clinical isolates of Pa were tested with HQ to assess its antimicrobial potential.
Molecular docking simulations were also carried out to observe the interactions between HQ and the chemicals in the ADI pathway.

Pa gets its energy from the Arginine Deiminase (ADI) pathway, which involves a series of reactions to produce ornithine, ammonia, CO2 and ATP (energy). It allows bacteria to survive in acidic environments like the stomach. There is more information on this pathway here: shorturl.at/cwfhg.

Can organic compounds be an effective treatment for antibiotic resistant bacteria?
Previous research suggests that Hydroquinine (HQ), from tree bark, is effective against multidrug resistant bacteria (MDR). HQ works by disrupting the systems that make Pa resistant and potentially its energy source.

The fight against antibiotic resistance is still ongoing but by expanding our knowledge of potential treatments, the mechanisms of the bacteria and combinations of different drugs like they have in this study, science is ever closer to finding a solution.

Like all studies, this one also has limitations, one being that the research took place in the lab, meaning we don’t know how the body's environment will affect the outcome of the reactions. Furthermore, all of the strains of Pa used were from the same place, other strains may react differently.

Additionally, it was found that when HQ is combined with other drugs eg; Ceftazidime, both of the drugs work more effectively against the bacteria (Pa). This is called synergy, it requires a lower dose of each drug and so less side effects are experienced, compared to a single higher dose.

So what were the results?
HQ was able to inhibit the Pa isolates at 2.50mg/mL and kill them at 5.00 mg/mL.
The simulations found that HQ could interact with the binding sites of all the target proteins (in this case the proteins that keep the bacteria alive).

To better understand the impact of HQ scientists used a variety of methods:
Clinical isolates of Pa were tested with HQ to assess its antimicrobial potential.
Molecular docking simulations were also carried out to observe the interactions between HQ and the chemicals in the ADI pathway.

Pa gets its energy from the Arginine Deiminase (ADI) pathway, which involves a series of reactions to produce ornithine, ammonia, CO2 and ATP (energy). It allows bacteria to survive in acidic environments like the stomach. There is more information on this pathway here: shorturl.at/cwfhg

Can organic compounds be an effective treatment for antibiotic resistant bacteria?
Previous research suggests that Hydroquinine (HQ), from tree bark, is effective against multidrug resistant bacteria (MDR). HQ works by disrupting the systems that make Pa resistant and potentially its energy source.