Greater northward expansion of warmer water species may ultimately restructure Arctic foods webs. Our work demonstrates the importance of considering the multidimensional impacts of climate change. Thanks again to my wonderful collaborators! (4/4)

More light, warmers waters, and lower productivity in summer will drive declines in the growth and survival of cold water fish species like polar cod. Warmer water species like walleye pollock and Atlantic cod may capitalize on these changing conditions. (3/4)

Future levels of sea ice and snow, waves, clouds, ozone, air and ocean temperatures, and productivity will impact light in Arctic seas, causing a 75–160% increase in visible light by 2100 in the Northern Bering, Chukchi, and Barents Seas. (2/4)

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I am grateful for my incredible group of co-authors who brought their expertise in fisheries, statistics, data science, social science, policy, and law to this work! 8/

Our results indicate that similar port state measures for domestic fleets fishing in international waters and effective implementation of PSMA will become increasingly key to fighting IUU fishing. 7/

Vessels can also use domestic flags to avoid PSMA requirements for foreign vessels by switching to the landing port flag, using the landing port flag for vessels engaged in transshipment, and PSMA Parties treating vessels flagged to overseas territories as domestic vessels. 6/

We found 66% of port visits in 2021 were from domestic vessels fishing in international waters. The proportion of domestic landed fishing effort to total landed fishing effort also increased from 31% in 2015 to 46% in 2021. 5/

The PSMA requires a set of measures to monitor foreign vessels. It also stipulates that domestic fleets should have measures at least as effective as those for foreign vessels. This provision has received less attention, but it should become a greater focus. 4/

In addition, the proportion of fishing effort landed at PSMA ports also increased from 19% in 2016 to 42% in 2021. Together, these results indicate that PSMA is reducing opportunities for foreign vessels to land catches with less scrutiny. 3/

We find signs of progress since PSMA entered into force in 2016. From 2016 to 2021, the distance that fishing vessels operating in international waters had to travel to reach a port in a non-PSMA country nearly doubled. 2/

I am grateful to have learned and worked with experts in human rights, labor, fisheries, occupational safety and health, and climate science on this project.

Tracking shifting stocks may also change the rules that govern fisher safety and opportunities for them to seek recourse and remedy as they move across jurisdictions.