This highlights the crucial need for integrating HIV services into primary healthcare, ensuring community involvement, respecting human rights, and enacting legal and policy reforms to cultivate a supportive environment for HIV care, treatment, and support.

Nevertheless, despite these advancements, individuals in resource-limited settings continue to face considerable barriers to accessing HIV testing and related services.

HIV testing has dramatically progressed over the past forty years, notably with the introduction of rapid tests in the 1990s. The advent of over-the-counter self-testing kits and the implementation of point-of-care testing within communities have significantly improved HIV testing.

Consequently, laboratory samples had to be flown to the national laboratory in Khartoum, a three-hour flight via a small plane that operated almost daily between Bentiu and Khartoum. Initially, we used gel agar technology, & dried blood spot method—both of which were new to me in such a remote place

As the number of displaced individuals increased and the demand for healthcare heightened, the clinic evolved into a field hospital, extending its services to include treatment for chronic illnesses. We encountered significant challenges with on-site HIV testing.