As for the EGD, the findings nuance the impact of EU unilateral climate measures and their interaction with international institutions. Surprisingly, the EU shipping legislation appeared to have more impact on the EU’s internal functioning than on third countries’ positions. No Brussels effect?🤷

Although the EU appeared to successfully serve as a bridge builder within the negotiations, its actual involvement in the final outcome was eclipsed by larger political forces and the role of other actors in the IMO, notably the tireless work of the tenacious 6PAC Pacific Islands.

The establishment of EU competence on shipping emissions meant the EU could collectively work within the IMO on climate issues, giving it clout as a bloc of 27 IMO member states which could therefore push for its objectives in the negotiations.

Fit for 55 and EU martime ETS gets a lot of attention in the Brussels bubble, but how did it concretely shape the IMO's Revised GHG Strategy?