Latent variables, Structural Equation Models, Measurement error
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(also the "time-invariant" background variables tend to be simple copies, except when they are actually repeated; so a single copy is often enough, depending on the time period)
(also the "time-invariant" background variables tend to be simple copies, except when they are actually repeated; so a single copy is often enough, depending on the time period)
(sorry for the wonky colors btw)
(sorry for the wonky colors btw)