6) Women are seen as too submissive to lead, but
gender stereotypes are racialized. For White women,
dominant language may fight stereotypes. For Black
women and Latinas, it can prompt backlash. To fully
understand and reduce gender inequality in leadership, we must consider intersectionality.

5) How do voters react? Using simulated social media
profiles, I manipulated leader gender, leader race, and
leaders' use of dominant language. The more Black
women leaders used dominant language on Twitter, the
less likable voters rated them. No such backlash for
White women.

4) How does the media react? I analyzed 18k editorials
about political leaders. The more Black women and
Latina leaders used dominant language in Congress,
the more journalists used cold language in editorials
about them. No such backlash for White women.

3) How do women leaders behave? I analyzed 250k
Congressional remarks & 1 million tweets by hundreds
of Black, Latina/o, and White politicians. White women
used more dominant language than same-race men in
Congress and on Twitter. Black women and Latinas did
not.

2) Do women expect backlash? I asked dozens of Black,
Latina, and White women managers about leadership
style. Black women and Latinas (versus White women)
were more likely to expect backlash for dominant
leadership. White women were more likely to expect
backlash for warmth.