Our results imply that a non-partisan redistricting commission and a transparent process can achieve a politically neutral redrawing of electoral boundaries.

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The extent of electoral redistricting does not impact the probability an incumbent will recontest after redistricting, aside from explicit reservations for SC/ST. Redistricting had the same impact on candidates of the ruling and non-ruling parties. 4/4

In Andhra Pradesh, some members of the delimitation commission were able to avoid unfavorable redistricting. Other than these members, there was minimal political influence in the redistricting process. 3/4

The variance of populations across electoral constituencies shrank in both Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan following redistricting. 2/4

We conclude that post-colonial policies targeted towards under-served areas can mitigate the impact of colonial institutions over time. 6/6

Consequently, non-landlord areas continue to have higher levels of consumption and educational attainment and lower mortality and poverty rates compared to landlord areas. 5/6

Within directly ruled areas, colonial land tenure systems caused differences in agricultural productivity and investment through 1987. These outcomes have only partially converged. Convergence is seen in areas where target policy was implemented. 4/6

While the quantity of public goods has converged between directly and indirectly ruled areas, the quality of services (as measured by mortality and school completion) has not converged yet, but are trending towards convergence. 3/6

In 1981, disparities in public goods including schools, health centers, and roads resulted from direct colonial rule in India. By 2011, these disparities have been eliminated following public policy targeted towards equalization of public goods. 2/6

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