That guidance says that, in the 2021 cycle, higher education institutions "are encouraged to use in appropriate circumstances". Bit of a change.

My apologies. Yes, "transnational".

...might be.

This causes "great policy volatility and a kind of whipsaw effect that is extremely unsettling for the families of potential international students who therefore look at those markets with a degree of concern," Johnson adds.

"That's happening for a number of reasons, and they're actually very similar reasons in all four of those markets...a tug of war between competing government departments," Johnson says.

Smith concludes by welcoming discussions on "how we can best enable the learning, the thinking, the research which are at the heart of development".