Sponges are exceptional reservoirs of microbial diversity. Sponges have 4 specific microbial clusters. They have many nitrogen-assimilation and carbon-assimilation bacteria and chemical defenses and defense against external DNA. One example is the Poribacteria phylum specific to sponge.

Metaorganism or holobionts are groups of organisms living together. Sponges are a diverse marine animal phyla either >7500 species. They are wonderful example of microbes symbiosis. They are efficient filter feeders and “big bags with pipes connected by jelly. The jelly has many symbiotic bacteria”.

Noctuidae taxonomy was messy until several years ago. BUSCO genes from these sequenced genomes helped to resolve the taxonomy. They have highly syntenic genomes either 31 chromosomes. Some lineages have TEs expansions making their genomes bigger.

1- Lepidoptera derives from 32 ancestral linkage groups. 2- Two new gene families have been identified conserved across all the species. About Noctuidae (#moths), 220 genomes have sequenced. They are important nocturnal pollinators. They are also destructive agricultural pests. They have 4 clades.