3. Predictability effects are also logarithmic in Dutch, corroborating effects found in English (= linear effect of surprisal):

For very unpredictable words, a decrease in predictability has a much larger slowing-down effect on reading times than the same decrease for highly predictable words.

2. Language-specific models are generally better than multilingual ones (multilingual models are shown in blue in the figure below).

Key findings 📝

1. Smaller Dutch models often predict reading times better (= inverse scaling trend) ~ in line with evidence of English models.

But, with more context (in a book reading corpus), larger models catch up.