As 2025 draws to a close, we reflect on a year of ground-breaking research, inspiring stories, and global impact from the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA). Our mission to protect animal and plant health has never been more vital, and this year’s blogs give a glimpse into the breadth and depth of our work. From wildlife disease surveillance to championing diversity in science, here is a look back at the stories that defined 2025. ## Protecting online plant buyers We kicked off the year with a practical post: “How APHA is protecting online plant buyers” (January 2025). As online plant sales continue to grow, so do the risks of introducing pests and diseases. This blog explains how APHA works to protect consumers and the environment by enforcing plant health regulations and raising awareness about safe buying practices. It is a perfect example of APHA’s proactive approach, combining science, policy, and public engagement to keep our ecosystems safe. ## Protecting wildlife: uncovering a hidden threat to hedgehogs One of the most-read posts this year was “Is a newly discovered virus contributing to the decline of our wild hedgehogs?” (May 2025). This fascinating article revealed APHA’s discovery of a novel arterivirus in hedgehogs, using cutting-edge sequencing technologies. Hedgehogs are a beloved species in the UK, yet their numbers have been declining. Could this arterivirus be contributing to their decline? The blog highlights APHA’s role in wildlife disease surveillance and research, demonstrating how our scientists work tirelessly to understand emerging threats. This discovery not only advances scientific knowledge but also informs conservation strategies to protect biodiversity. ## Championing women in science: a personal journey February brought an inspiring story for International Day of Women and Girls in Science. In My Journey in Science, Dr Jess Parry shares her career path from early curiosity to becoming an epidemiologist at APHA. Her reflections underscore the importance of diversity and inclusion in science, and how APHA supports women in building impactful careers. This blog resonated with readers worldwide, reminding us that science thrives when everyone has a seat at the table. Jess’s story is a testament to perseverance, passion, and the power of mentorship. ## Safeguarding crops: battling the Colorado beetle In May, we spotlighted plant heath with “Protecting the UK’s potatoes from the Colorado beetle”. This blog explains how APHA monitors and responds to the threat posed by this invasive pest, which can devastate potato crops if left unchecked. The post highlights APHA’s proactive approach to biosecurity, combining surveillance, rapid response, and public awareness to protect one of the UK’s most important staple crops. This blog shows how science and vigilance work hand in hand to safeguard food security. ## APHA's role in the global fight against rabies Back in September, we explored APHA’s pivotal role in the global fight against rabies. The blog marked World Rabies Day, spotlighting international partnerships, advanced diagnostics, and awareness campaigns to prevent 59,000 annual deaths. It reinforced APHA’s commitment to safe pet travel, what we can do to improve surveillance of bat rabies in the UK and rapid response to suspected cases worldwide. ## BSE: From crisis to confidence - APHA's role in achieving negligible risk status In October, we revisited APHA’s four-decade journey in tackling BSE. The blog, by Dr Timm Konold, celebrated WOAH recognition of the UK’s negligible risk status for classical BSE in June 2025. It highlighted our scientific leadership, rigorous surveillance, global trade benefits, and ongoing vigilance against both classical and atypical BSE. ## Protecting the future: APHA's fight against antimicrobial resistance We reflected on APHA’s frontline leadership in tackling antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in November. The blog marked the UK’s National Action Plan 2024–2029, showcasing APHA’s efforts in surveillance, diagnostics, farm-level biosecurity, _Salmonella_ control, and cutting-edge research and rapid detection tools. It celebrated APHA’s global credentials as the only WOAH‑accredited AMR lab, its role within FAO’s International Reference Centre, and its support for One Health in low‑ and middle‑income countries through international partnerships. ## Beyond the blog: APHA's broader achievements 2025 was also a year of significant milestones beyond the blog. APHA hosted international conferences, expanded its research collaborations, and launched new initiatives to tackle emerging threats like antimicrobial resistance and climate-related disease risks. These efforts reinforce our role as a trusted authority in animal and plant health. ## Looking ahead to 2026 As we move into 2026, APHA remains committed to innovation, collaboration, and transparency. Our blog will continue to share the stories behind the science. Thank you to all our readers for joining us on this journey. Here is to another year of discovery, progress, and impact. > ## What would you like to see in 2026? > > We want our blog to really spark our readers’ interest. Whether it is emerging diseases, cutting-edge diagnostics, or stories from the people behind the science, let your ideas help shape our content. Leave a comment below and tell us what you would like us to cover in the coming year - we would love to hear from you!

Colorado beetle has officially been eradicated from the United Kingdom (UK). And that is not just good news, it is _  fantastic_ news for our potato growers, gardeners, and allotment holders and it is a real boost for plant health and food security. But before we break out the celebratory chips, let us take a moment to talk about why this matters, what it took to get here, and the incredible teamwork that made it happen. ## What is the big deal about Colorado beetle? If you are not in the potato business, you might be wondering: _What  is all the fuss about a beetle?_ Well, Colorado beetle is not just any beetle. It is a serious pest that poses a major threat to potato crops and several other plants, including tomatoes, aubergines, and peppers. These little striped invaders can completely strip the leaves from plants, reducing yields and causing significant economic damage if left uncontrolled. The beetle is highly distinctive: orange-yellow in colour with 10 bold black stripes across its body. It does not pose a risk to human health, but it is a nightmare for farmers. That is why, when the first outbreak was detected in Kent in July 2023, alarm bells rang. We knew we had to act fast… and we did. ## Outbreak to eradication The story of eradication is one of determination, expertise, and collaboration. When the outbreak was confirmed, APHA operational teams swung into action. Our surveillance specialists worked tirelessly to track the beetle’s movements, while field teams hit the ground to contain and eliminate the pest. Every sighting was investigated, every lead followed up. A team of APHA Plant Health and Seed Inspectors searching a field of potatoes back in 2023 for evidence of _Leptinotarsa decemlineata_ , Colorado beetle Surveillance activities included regular inspections of the original outbreak fields and selected potato fields in Kent to rule out incursions from mainland Europe. We also kept a close eye on imported plant products as Colorado beetle has previously been detected on leafy vegetables, salad leaves, and fresh herbs. And it was not just APHA working alone. This was a true team effort involving Defra colleagues, the potato industry, and even members of the public who kept their eyes peeled for suspicious beetles. Thanks to this combined effort, we were able to stamp out the outbreak and prevent the beetle from spreading further. ## Two years of vigilance Eradication is not something you declare lightly. It takes time, patience, and proof. Since the last confirmed sighting, our teams have been carrying out extensive surveillance to make sure the beetle has not made a comeback. That means checking fields, monitoring traps, and staying alert for any signs of trouble. And here is the result: two years with no sightings. That is the gold standard for declaring eradication. ## Why this matters Potato harvest Potatoes might seem humble, but they are a staple crop and a vital part of our food system. Protecting them from pests like Colorado beetle is essential for food security and for the livelihoods of growers across the country. By eradicating this pest, we have not only safeguarded the potato industry but also demonstrated the strength of our plant health system. It shows what can be achieved when science, operations, and collaboration come together. ## A massive thank you This success belongs to everyone who played a part, from the scientists who designed surveillance strategies to the field teams who carried out inspections in all weathers. It also belongs to our partners in Defra, the potato industry, and the public who reported sightings and supported our work. Plant health often operates behind the scenes, but moments like this deserve to be celebrated. So, to everyone involved: thank you. You have made a real difference. ## Looking ahead While we are thrilled to close the chapter on Colorado beetle, plant health is an ongoing challenge. New pests and diseases can emerge at any time, and climate change is altering the landscape in ways we are still learning to predict. That is why APHA will continue to invest in surveillance, research, and rapid response. Our goal is simple: to keep Britain’s plants healthy and resilient. And if you want to help, keep an eye out for unusual pests and report them through the usual channels. Together, we can keep our crops safe. ## What to do if you spot one Colorado potato beetle (left) Colorado potato larvae (right) Photo credit: Fera Science Limited Although Colorado beetle is now eradicated, vigilance remains key. If you find what you suspect to be a Colorado beetle in England or Wales, **do not let it go**. Capture it in a secure container and report it to APHA as soon as possible by: * **Phone:** 0300 1000 313 * **Email:** planthealth.info@apha.gov.uk Please include a photograph and location details with your report. So next time you tuck into a plate of chips, remember: behind every bite is a network of dedicated people working hard to protect our food. And today, thanks to their efforts, we can say goodbye to Colorado beetle. For good.

When medicines stop working, infections become harder, sometimes impossible, to treat. This is the stark reality of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a growing threat to both human and animal health. At the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), we are on the front lines of the UK’s fight against AMR, and we are proud to play a key role in protecting the effectiveness of life-saving drugs. ## **The UK’s roadmap: National Action Plan 2024–2029** The UK, and many countries worldwide, has a National Action Plan (NAP) to tackle AMR. The UK was one of the first countries to have such a plan. The current plan spans 2024 to 2029 and outlines nine strategic outcomes supported by 30 specific commitments. APHA contributes directly to many of these, helping turn ambition into action. ## **Surveillance, diagnostics, and smarter use of antimicrobials** Antimicrobial susceptibility testing in progress: Measuring zones of inhibition on an agar plate to assess bacterial resistance against different antibiotics One of our core responsibilities is running a scanning surveillance programme interlinked with our diagnostic services. This allows us to detect and identify pathogens of clinical significance in livestock and wildlife and test the sensitivity of bacteria to commonly used antibiotics. By working closely with vets and farmers, we raise awareness of endemic diseases and promote better biosecurity and infection control. The result? More targeted interventions and more responsible use of antimicrobials. ## **Keeping _Salmonella_ and AMR out of the food chain** _Salmonella_ is an important example of a bacterium that can develop resistance to antimicrobials. It is also a zoonotic threat, meaning it can spread between animals and humans, often through contaminated food. APHA leads national control programmes for _Salmonella_ in livestock, advising farmers and policymakers on how to keep it off farms and out of our food. When critically resistant strains (strains which are resistant to critically important antimicrobials for human medicine) appear, we act fast to stop them from gaining a foothold in the UK. ## **Researching new frontiers in AMR** Our scientists are constantly exploring new ways to understand and combat AMR. From studying how resistant bacteria spread to testing the effectiveness of disinfectants and bacteriophages (viruses that target bacteria), our research is helping shape the future of AMR control. We also develop rapid detection and characterisation tools to identify AMR bacteria: tools that are designed to work across human, animal, and environmental health sectors in a true One Health approach. ## **A global voice in the fight against AMR** APHA’s impact does not stop at the UK border. We are proud to be the only laboratory in the world accredited by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) for AMR. This global recognition allows us to advocate for better AMR control worldwide. We are also part of an International Reference Centre for AMR, designated by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, together with the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS) and the Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD). We support international collaboration, share best practices, and build a global community of experts committed to tackling AMR. ## **Supporting One Health in low- and middle-income countries** Through partnerships with other UK government departments and our international network, we help strengthen One Health action on AMR in low- and middle-income countries. This work is vital to ensuring that progress against AMR is truly global. ## **Our commitment** At APHA, we are proud of the unique role we play in the UK’s AMR strategy. Whether it is protecting animals from disease, preserving the effectiveness of vital medicines, or collaborating across sectors and borders, we are committed to making a difference. Together with our partners in public health and environmental protection, we are working to ensure a healthier future for all.

The Great Britain Wildlife Health Partnership (GBWHP) has just released its new look annual report for 2024 and it is more than just a facelift. It provides a comprehensive overview into the fascinating world of wildlife disease surveillance activities in 2024 across England, Wales and Scotland, offering insights for scientists, conservationists, and curious nature lovers alike, interested in the health of our native and non-native wildlife species. The Great Britain Wildlife Health Partnership (GBWHP) is a long-standing wildlife surveillance collaboration that monitors the disease status of free-living wildlife in Great Britain (GB). ## **Who is behind the partnership?** GBWHP is a collaboration of nine expert organisations working together to monitor the health of free-living wildlife across GB. The team includes: * Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) * Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture (Cefas) * Forestry England * Natural England * Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC) * Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) * Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust (WWT) * Zoological Society of London, specifically: * Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme, * Disease Risk Analysis and Health Surveillance * Garden Wildlife Health Project. The partnership shares information on new and re-emerging threats to wildlife and their impact. The One Health approach examines how threats impact human and animal health, highlighting their connection to biodiversity and the environment. ## **Scanning the wild: how surveillance works** Infectious and non-infectious disease surveillance of wild mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles in GB is mainly achieved by post-mortem examination and diagnostic testing of dead wild animals. This is known as scanning surveillance. Carcases are submitted to the APHA Diseases of Wildlife Scheme (DoWS) via veterinary investigation centres and surveillance pathology partners, SRUC, and other GBWHP partners with pathology facilities. This ensures that we have pathology expertise across a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic wildlife species. ## **Which species are being monitored?** The grey seal is one of the two seal species found along the British coastline. Photo credit: Jenny Cantlay From hedgehogs in back gardens to whales off the coast, the GBWHP casts a wide net in monitoring the health of our nation’s wild creatures. The Garden Wildlife Health project investigates reports of sick and dead garden birds, amphibians, reptiles, and hedgehogs - those familiar faces of British back gardens. Meanwhile, the UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme dives into the mysteries behind the deaths of marine giants like dolphins, porpoises, whales, as well as seals, basking sharks, and sea turtles found along our shores. On land, APHA’s Diseases of Wildlife Scheme (DoWS) and Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC) receive a wide variety of wild mammals and birds from across GB, helping to build a clearer picture of terrestrial health. The Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust (WWT) monitors wild bird populations at seven key wetland sites, while Cefas brings its aquatic expertise to the table, safeguarding the health of fish and shellfish in both marine and freshwater environments. ## **Targeted surveillance** Targeted surveillance of wildlife is also done in some cases. This is the proactive sampling of species aimed at detecting a particular disease or pathogen - an essential step for early intervention and effective disease control. Sections in this year’s report showcase the wide range of scanning and targeted surveillance activities conducted by partners over the last year. The impact of diseases on wildlife populations, with the wider implications for humans and domestic animals are also explained. Understanding these connections is key to building a resilient, One Health approach to disease management. ## **Mass fatalities: when disease strikes hard** European hare Some diseases described in the report can lead to mass fatalities of wildlife. For example, European brown hare syndrome in hare species and avian botulism in waterfowl. For species of conservation concern, a mass fatality may further threaten an already vulnerable or declining population. An example where disease surveillance is playing a key role in monitoring this kind of threat, described in the report, is in the detection of squirrel pox disease, spread by grey squirrels, which can threaten geographically isolated red squirrel populations with extinction. ## **Unusual or novel disease** Mortality investigations of wildlife also enable the diagnosis of an unusual or novel disease - shared in the highlighted cases section of the report. Cefas describes an investigation into the deaths of numerous White Craw Crayfish in Northeast England, a species listed as endangered on the International Union for Conservation (IUCN) Red List of threatened species. The crayfish were found to have unusual shell deformities and Cefas provided a rapid response, collecting samples from dead crayfish at different sites for diagnostic testing. ## **Wildlife and human health: the hidden connection** For some diseases, wild animals can be a source of infection for domestic animals and humans. Surveillance is carried out on wildlife for several of these pathogens due to public health concerns and updates are provided in the report. Examples include: * _Echinococcus multilocularis_ – this parasite primarily infects wild canids, such as red foxes. Infection can be transmitted to domestic dogs and cats (usually from eating small mammals) or humans from accidentally eating tapeworm eggs. Targeted surveillance for this parasite is undertaken by APHA to maintain disease free status in GB. * European Bat Lyssaviruses (EBLVs), found in some Serotine and Daubenton’s bats in GB, can cause fatal neurological disease and rabies in other animals and humans. All lyssaviruses are notifiable in the UK. Defra funds bat surveillance through APHA, working with the Bat Conservation Trust and rehabilitators to monitor levels of infection in the UK. * Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) is a deadly virus that originated in Asian poultry farms and spread globally via migratory birds. It has now been shown to infect: domestic poultry, wild mammals, cats, and even livestock like cattle and sheep. In Great Britain, outbreaks have hit seabirds and waterfowl populations hard. Reports of dead wild birds submitted to Defra support national surveillance efforts, helping track the virus and guide rapid responses to protect wildlife, livestock, and public health. Razorbills and common guillemots on the Isle of Skokholm, these species have been impacted by avian influenza. Photo credit: Jenny Cantlay ## **Why it matters: the power of surveillance** Wildlife surveillance by GBWHP has proven vital in detecting disease threats to vulnerable British species already facing environmental pressures from habitat loss, pollution and climate change. The latest report offers key insights into disease patterns and risk factors, enhancing our understanding of how wildlife health intersects with livestock and human populations for more informed, targeted action under a One Health approach. ## **Get involved: report what you see** Please report any unusual wildlife mortality events in England and Wales to the APHA Diseases of Wildlife Scheme (DoWS). Suitable wildlife casualties will be accepted for submission and further investigation under DoWS. * Contact your local Veterinary Investigation Centre and speak to a Veterinary Investigation Officer: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/apha-veterinary-investigation-centres-and-surveillance-pathology-partners * Or contact the Wildlife Expert Group: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/vets-contact-apha-to-get-expert-advice-on-unusual-animal-disease * To report dead wild birds use the online tool Report dead wild birds - GOV.UK or call the Defra helpline (03459 33 55 77). If birds are not triaged for collection and are songbirds, please report to the Garden Wildlife Health project. * Amphibian and reptile incidents can be reported to the Garden Wildlife Health project. * Marine mammals and sea turtle incidents can be reported to UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme. > ### Subscribe to our blog > > We share fascinating stories all year round: from behind-the-scenes glimpses into our cutting-edge scientific work to updates on the latest events and breakthroughs we are part of. > > Want to stay in the loop? Subscribing to our blog takes just seconds, and you will get instant email alerts whenever a new post goes live. Do not miss out!

One Health Day is marked annually on 3 November and promotes a unified approach to tackling global health challenges If you are an avid reader of APHA blogs, you will be aware that the Animal and Plant Health Agency co-ordinates the government response to any disease outbreak affecting animals in Great Britain. At the heart of this response is APHA’s dedicated emergency team, always on alert for high-risk animal diseases, called the National Emergency Epidemiology Group (NEEG). The actions of this group are vitally important to ensure livestock, wildlife and pets are protected from any escalating disease situations. Their swift and coordinated actions are crucial to protecting livestock, wildlife, and pets from escalating threats. By implementing robust control measures, enhancing biosecurity, and working to limit the spread of disease, NEEG helps safeguard animal and public health, support related industries, and reduce economic impact. During the week beginning 20 October 2025, colleagues from NEEG, together with colleagues based at the British High Commission, Accra, Ghana, hosted training on: “Disease Control and Outbreak Response: Epidemiological Investigations for High Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI)”. Delegates included veterinarians, public health officials, epidemiologists and other professionals, outlining the importance of One Health collaborative works. This workshop was part of the APHA’s Animal Health Systems Strengthening (AHSS) programme, the aim of which is to reduce poverty and increase resilience to climate change through greater protection of animals from disease. Changes in climate can increase risks to certain diseases and decrease animal resistance to disease. Early identification of outbreaks and effective control reduce animal loss and financial losses to the farmer. They also protect the consumer from high food prices and zoonotic disease. During this visit the NEEG team shared their expert knowledge in disease control with the Ghanaian delegation. This included an emphasis on High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (HPAI) in particular, as mitigating the risks from this will support the high-profile national policy to increase poultry production and reduce reliance on food imports. A colleague delivering one of the opening talks at the NEEG training session with expectations on Gender, Equality, Disability and Social Inclusion. Discussions were centred around a One Health Approach - Coordination and collaboration with other government departments and stakeholders, including: * Notifiable Diseases * Legal Frameworks, guidance and instructions * Traceability Systems * HPAI Epidemiology * HPAI in mammals, and zoonotic aspects * One Health approach for HPAI * Characterisation of poultry sector * Surveillance * Biosecurity * Challenges to disease control in Ghana * Outbreak Investigation and analysis * The role of the Official Veterinary Services in Ghana Attendees of the NEEG training, hosted at the British High Commission, Accra, Ghana The delivery was carried out with a participatory and practical approach, encouraging identification of challenges and potential solutions applicable to the current disease situation and local particularities in Ghana. ## Looking ahead The development of a National Biosecurity Centre at APHA Weybridge marks a significant step forward in strengthening the UK’s contribution to global One Health efforts. This state-of-the-art facility will serve as a hub for cutting-edge research, diagnostics, and disease response, enhancing our ability to detect, assess, and contain emerging animal diseases with zoonotic potential. By bringing together experts in a wide range of specialised scientific fields, the centre will foster interdisciplinary collaboration essential to tackling complex biosecurity challenges. As part of this commitment, the government has announced over £1billion of funding for the specialist facility at APHA Weybridge over the period of the current Spending Review period (to 2029/30). This investment will protect and enhance our ability to respond to new and zoonotic animal disease threats, safeguard human health, and strengthen pandemic preparedness in support of the One Health agenda. Importantly, APHA Weybridge will also continue to play a key role in supporting international partnerships, like those seen in Ghana, by sharing expertise, building capacity, and promoting best practices in disease control. Its enhanced capabilities will help ensure that the UK remains at the forefront of global efforts to protect animal and human health, safeguard food systems, and build resilience against future outbreaks. As the threats posed by climate change and globalisation continue to evolve, APHA Weybridge stands ready to lead the way in delivering a robust, coordinated, and science-driven response.

## **What is antimicrobial resistance and why does it matter?** Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is not just a scientific buzzword; it is a global crisis. When bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites outsmart antimicrobials (for example antibiotics), infections become harder or impossible to treat, diseases spread faster, and lives hang in the balance. Its impact is far-reaching: AMR threatens human health, animal welfare, food security and the environment. By 2050, the World Bank predicts it could reduce the GDP of low-income countries by more than five percent and push millions into poverty. One of the most important tools for monitoring AMR is antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). This involves isolating bacteria and exposing them to different antibiotics to determine which are effective. Reliable AST results are essential because they guide treatment, track resistance trends and help assess infection prevention measures, such as improved farm biosecurity. Standardised AST methods also enable laboratories worldwide to compare data, providing a clearer picture of how resistance spreads. ## **A UK–Philippines collaboration** Since 2022, the UK FAO Reference Centre for AMR has worked closely with the Philippines. Supporting the UK’s 2024 to 2029 National Action Plan (NAP) on AMR, which emphasises global partnerships, the Centre has been actively engaged in the implementation of the Philippines’ own 2024–2028 NAP. This includes strengthening laboratory capacity, improving surveillance systems and generating reliable AST data. The Philippines launched its first-ever national training workshop on antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) in July 2025 in Quezon City, Metro Manila. Lead by the Department of Agriculture – National Meat Inspection Service (DA-NMIS) and co-organised with the UK’s FAO Reference Centre for AMR and was supported by Scientific Biotech Specialties Inc. (SBSI), Thermo Fisher Scientific and the Department of Agriculture – Bureau of Animal Industry (DA-BAI). The workshop drew on the scientific knowledge of the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Cefas, and the Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) to equip participants with the tools to tackle AMR head-on and brought together cutting-edge expertise and international collaboration with partners NMIS hosted participants coming from both government institutions and the private sector The workshop became a hub of expertise; drawing veterinarians, scientists, and lab professionals from every corner of the Philippines. A total of 32 participants representing 28 institutions (including national and regional government bodies, academia, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and private sector leaders) came together in a powerful show of unity. With backgrounds spanning terrestrial and aquatic animal health, environmental science, and public health, the cohort embodied a truly multidisciplinary force. The event also underscored a critical message: when government and industry join forces, the potential to elevate laboratory capacity and fight AMR multiplies. Across three days of lectures and practical sessions, participants strengthened technical skills and built lasting connections across animal, aquatic and food sectors. The workshop marked a turning point in harmonising laboratory methods nationwide and generating the high-quality data needed to guide treatment decisions, protect food systems and safeguard public health. The workshop demonstrated the progress possible through shared expertise and commitment. Recently, the centre also co-delivered another highly successful AST training workshop on bacterial pathogens affecting aquatic animals, serving AMR National Reference Laboratories from 11 countries across the Asia–Pacific region. ## **Learning through theory and practice** APHA's Dr Thomas Chisnall APHA scientists Dr. Ramon P. Maluping and Dr. Thomas Chisnall with Cefas counterparts Dr. Athina Papadopoulou and Dr. Andy Powell led the training and served as resource speakers, supported by colleagues from NMIS, BAI, SBSI and Thermo Fisher. The programme combined theory with hands-on practice, equipping participants with both the knowledge and confidence to conduct AST in their own laboratories. In lectures, trainers explained the science behind AST, introduced the international standards: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST), and highlighted the role of control strains in ensuring accurate results. Participants explored both manual and automated testing methods and learned how to interpret results using clinical breakpoints and epidemiological cut-off values. This theoretical foundation showed how AST data strengthens national surveillance and supports the responsible use of antibiotics. Putting learning into practice The hands-on sessions made the topics much easier to understand. Each participant carried out AST using a commercially available Sensititre system. They prepared the samples, set up the testing plates, and measured the minimum amount of antibiotic needed to stop bacterial growth (MIC). The trainers guided everyone through each step, stressing the importance of doing the test correctly, recording results carefully, and following quality checks using control bacteria. Participants also did simple biochemical tests to confirm the type of bacteria and discussed how sharing AST results between laboratories helps strengthen the national surveillance system in the Philippines. The combination of classroom teaching and practical lab work helped reinforce what they learned through real-world application. Participants engaged in hands-on training to identify and characterise bacteria for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) ## **Voices from the workshop** The response from participants was overwhelmingly positive. One commented: > _“I appreciate the clear and practical approach to teaching AST, especially the hands-on sessions that reinforced theoretical knowledge. The facilitators were knowledgeable and supportive, and the course promoted collaboration and consistency in laboratory practices nationwide.”_ Another said: > _“The initiative to focus on the standardisation and harmonisation of AST methods is highly commendable and greatly contributes to improving laboratory practices.”_ Others praised the diversity of expertise in the room: > _“I appreciated the diversity of participants and speakers – it made the lectures more meaningful and easier to absorb from different perspectives.”_ Key takeaways included new technical skills such as interpreting MICs, applying CLSI and EUCAST standards correctly, and understanding why every AST must be backed by quality control data. The workshop also deepened awareness of both passive and active AMR surveillance and reinforced the importance of using antibiotics responsibly. ## **Building a stronger future together** The Philippines workshop not only strengthened individual laboratory skills but also encouraged collaboration across animal health, aquaculture, food safety and academia. It demonstrated the value of a One Health approach, which recognises that human, animal and environmental health are interconnected. By helping deliver the Philippines’ first national AST training workshop, the UK FAO Reference Centre for AMR has supported a vital step forward in the country’s AMR response. With harmonised methods and stronger laboratory capacity, the Philippines is now better positioned to generate reliable data, guide treatment decisions and support more sustainable food systems. Through continued partnership, the Philippines and the UK, share a commitment to building the knowledge and capacity needed to tackle AMR – protecting health, livelihoods and the environment for generations to come.

In this blog, APHA's Dr Timm Konold, Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Lead Scientist, talks about how APHA led the charge against BSE, combining science and action to protect the public, support farmers, and earn the UK a clean bill of health. In the world of animal health, few acronyms carry as much historical weight as BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy). Known more widely as ‘mad cow disease’, BSE is a neurodegenerative disease in cattle that first emerged in the United Kingdom (UK) in the 1980s. It not only reshaped farming practices but also had profound implications for public health, food safety, and international trade. In June 2025, the UK* achieved a major milestone in animal and public health: the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) officially recognised the UK as having negligible risk status for classical BSE. This marks the culmination of nearly four decades of scientific vigilance, regulatory rigour, and collaborative effort, much of it led by the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA). As someone who has worked on BSE for many years, I am proud to reflect on the journey that brought us here, and the work that continues to ensure we never return to the crisis of the past. * Northern Ireland has held negligible risk status for some time, and now that England, Scotland, and Wales have also attained this designation, the entire United Kingdom is classified as negligible risk. ## **Understanding BSE and its impact** Microscopic view of BSE in a cow brain BSE is caused by abnormal proteins called prions, which affect the brain and spinal cord of cattle, leading to severe neurological signs and ultimately death. First identified in 1986 by pathologists at APHA’s Weybridge site (then the Central Veterinary Laboratory), BSE quickly escalated into a national crisis. At its peak in 1992, over 36,000 cases were reported in a single year, with more than 180,000 cases overall in the UK. The disease’s link to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) in humans, through consumption of beef products containing prions, made it a public health emergency. The UK responded with sweeping legislative changes, including a ban on feeding meat and bone meal (MBM) to ruminants, later extended to all farm animals. These measures were essential to halting the spread, but the road to recovery was long. ## **APHA’s role in tackling BSE** Downer cow with BSE For scientists and veterinarians, BSE became a defining challenge - one that demanded innovation, vigilance, and resilience. From the outset, APHA has been central to the UK’s response to BSE. Our scientists and veterinary teams have led the way in identifying the disease, developing and enforcing control measures, conducting surveillance and applying diagnostics, training veterinary professionals, and providing expert advice to government and international bodies. APHA serves as both the National Reference Laboratory and a WOAH Reference Laboratory for BSE. This designation means we: * Provide expert advice and confirmatory testing for suspected cases. * Develop and validate testing methods to ensure accuracy and reliability. * Contribute to international standards and guidance on BSE surveillance and control. * Support global knowledge exchange, including training and collaboration with other countries. This role reflects APHA’s scientific leadership, and the trust placed in our expertise by both UK government and international partners. The journey to negligible risk status was a cross-government effort led by Defra, with APHA playing a pivotal role. Our One Health team coordinated the Agency’s contribution, drawing on expertise from colleagues across the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy and animal by-products portfolio. The application process involved months of intensive work - collating, drafting, reviewing and validating technical content in line with WOAH’s requirements. ## **What does negligible risk status mean?** WOAH classifies countries based on their BSE risk as negligible, controlled, or undetermined. Achieving negligible risk status means the UK has demonstrated: * Effective and sustained control measures. * No indigenous cases of classical BSE in animals born after the feed ban. * A robust surveillance system that meets international standards. This status is more than symbolic, it reflects the UK’s global reputation for high biosecurity standards and opens doors for trade, reduces regulatory burdens, and boosts confidence in our food safety systems. The benefits of negligible risk status are significant: * Expanded trade opportunities for UK beef and bovine products * Reduced operational burdens for abattoirs and meat processors * Enhanced global confidence in UK biosecurity and food safety > "WOAH’s recognition of the UK as negligible risk for BSE is a significant milestone and is a testament to the UK’s strong biosecurity measures and the hard work and vigilance of farmers and livestock keepers across the country who have all played their part in managing the spread of this disease" > > **Christine Middlemiss** > > UK Chief Veterinary Officer > “The downgraded risk status represents a major milestone for APHA and reflects four decades of dedication, expertise, and collaboration with partners, allowing us to expand trade and renew confidence in UK beef.” > > **Richard Lewis** > > APHA Chief Executive > “I feel very proud to have been part of the entire cycle from discovery of the new disease, through it being identified as zoonotic, the epidemic, the research, working on the prevalence study for vCJD and directing our International Reference Laboratory, trade missions and now to negligible risk status over four decades later.” > > **Yvonne Spencer** > > Director of Science Capability ## **Maintaining the status: a new challenge** While the negligible risk status is a cause for celebration, it also sets a high bar for the future. Maintaining this status means aiming for no cases of classical BSE in future, a challenge that requires continued vigilance. Our BSE programme continues with ongoing surveillance, feed testing, and annual re-confirmation of risk status to WOAH. Our research continues to support government advice and uphold our role as a National and WOAH Reference Laboratory. We remain alert to atypical BSE which is a rare, spontaneous form not linked to feed contamination. Though it does not affect our risk status, it must be managed carefully to maintain international confidence. ## **Final thoughts** The journey from crisis to negligible risk status has been long and complex. It has been a true team effort involving science, policy, and the dedication of countless individuals across APHA and beyond. For many of us, this achievement is not just professional, it is personal. We have lived through the challenges of the BSE epidemic and worked tirelessly to overcome them. As we look ahead, our commitment remains unwavering: to protect animal and public health, uphold our international reputation, and ensure that the lessons of BSE continue to guide us. To everyone who played a part in this achievement, thank you. Your work has made history. ## **Spotting and reporting BSE** Although rare, BSE remains a notifiable disease. Cattle owners should watch for signs such as behavioural changes, nervousness, tremors, hind limb weakness and over-reactivity to external stimuli, especially in animals over four years old. If you suspect BSE: * Report it immediately to APHA via the Defra Rural Services Helpline (03000 200 301 in England). * In Wales, contact 0300 303 8268. * In Scotland, contact your local Field Services Office. Early reporting is essential to protect animal and public health and to safeguard the UK’s hard-won negligible risk status.

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) remains one of the most challenging animal health issues facing the UK farming industry today. As part of the UK Government’s long-term strategy to eradicate the disease, the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) has been leading a pioneering initiative to develop and test a cattle vaccine and its companion diagnostic tool, the DIVA skin test. These tools represent a significant step forward in the fight against bTB, offering the potential to protect cattle while accurately identifying infected animals. Since the launch of the Cattle Vaccine Project, APHA has made substantial progress through a series of carefully designed field trials. These trials are essential for gathering the scientific evidence needed to support future deployment of the vaccine and skin test across the UK. With Phases 1 and 2 now complete, the project is entering its third phase, expanding the scope and scale of testing to further validate safety, performance, and practical delivery. In this blog, we reflect on the achievements of Phases 1 and 2, and share an update on the launch of Phase 3, bringing us closer to a deployable cattle TB vaccination strategy that could transform disease control efforts and help secure ‘Officially TB Free’ status for England and Wales. ## **From the project management team** APHA staff work with dedication to safeguard the future health of our national herd Since our last blog, the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) has made significant progress in the development of a cattle vaccine to combat bovine tuberculosis (bTB). With Phases 1 and 2 of the field trials now complete, we are excited to move into Phase 3, and take a moment to reflect on the journey so far. **Phase 1:** started in June 2021 and focused on testing the performance and safety of the DIVA (Detect Infected among Vaccinated Animals) skin test in cattle that had not been vaccinated and came from herds free of TB. This was a crucial first step to ensure the test could accurately identify animals that were truly infected, without producing false positives. The Phase 1 field trials concluded in May 2022 and enabled APHA to move to Phase 2. **Phase 2:** started in January 2023 and built on this by evaluating the safety of the cattle Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine* and how well the DIVA skin test worked in vaccinated cattle. This phase involved over 600 cattle from seven herds in five farms from the low-risk area in England and provided valuable data on how the vaccine and test perform in real-world conditions. The results from these trials are now being used to support applications for Marketing Authorisations (MAs). If approved, these will allow the vaccine and skin test to be used in the UK, offering a powerful new tool in the national strategy to eradicate bTB. Phase 2 concluded in December 2024. This work is a collaborative effort, relying on the expertise of APHA’s bovine TB scientists, contract managers, field teams, and data analysts. Their continued input is vital as we move forward. > You can find out further information about how APHA developed the Novel DIVA skin test and the marketing authorisation process in our first blog. *The BCG used for cattle is supplied by AJVaccines, the same company that produces the BCG for use in humans and badgers. Pilot batches of the companion DIVA skin test are supplied by Lionex, a world leading producer of mycobacterial antigens for diagnostics and vaccine developments. ## **Field trials: Phase 3** APHA personnel and veterinary teams prepare to conduct cattle TB vaccination and DIVA skin testing as part of Phase 3 trials on commercial farms To allow APHA to gather additional data on the companion DIVA skin tests performance and explore options to optimise this, Great Britain (GB) administrations have taken the decision to move to an additional phase (Phase 3). Phase 3 will assess the BCG vaccination and companion DIVA skin test on a larger cohort of cattle to further inform our collective planning for delivery. We are continuing to work at pace but will only deploy the vaccine and companion DIVA skin test when we have all the right steps in place. Our aim is to deliver an effective cattle TB vaccination strategy within the next few years to accelerate our continued progress towards achieving ‘Officially TB free’ (OTF) status for England and Wales. Phase 3 will be taking place on commercial livestock farms across England and Wales and are due to be completed in 2026. Phase 3 will involve at least 10 farms with 750 animals participating. ## Next steps APHA will use data from the trials to support applications for GB Marketing Authorisations for both BCG use in cattle and the companion DIVA skin test. These will be submitted to the Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD). If the Marketing Authorisation are granted, we anticipate that BCG for cattle and the companion DIVA skin test could be available for deployment in the field in the next few years. The final approval cannot be provided until we have contracts in place to make the companion DIVA skin test to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standard. These are defined quality standards that ensures medicinal products are consistently safe, of high quality, and suitable for their intended use, only achievable by accredited manufacturers. Further information regarding development of a deployable vaccine against bovine TB can be found on the TB Hub. To find out more about the Government’s strategy to eradicate bovine TB and research leading to the development of a cattle vaccine and companion DIVA skin test, please follow the links below: * Government strategy for achieving bovine tuberculosis free status for England (Godfray review) * Government response to Godfray review * Publication: Efficacy and Safety of BCG Vaccine for Control of Tuberculosis in Domestic Livestock and Wildlife * Publication: A defined antigen skin test for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis * Publication: Development of immune-diagnostic reagents to diagnose bovine tuberculosis in cattle * Publication: Bovine TB policy and governance updates – Wales

World Food Day is marked every year on 16 October APHA’s Lead Scientist for Bacterial Diseases and Food Safety, Dr Francesca Martelli, spotlights _Salmonella_ ’s stealthy spread and its impact on animal and public health, diagnostics, and disease control strategies. ## **World Food Day – 16 October 2025** Every year on 16 October, World Food Day reminds us of the vital role food plays in our health, communities, and global sustainability. At the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), this day is more than symbolic, it is a celebration of the science and dedication that goes into keeping our food supply safe. From the lab bench to the farm gate, our teams work tirelessly to protect public health by tackling threats like _Salmonella_. In this blog, I will take you behind the scenes of our Science Directorate to explore how APHA safeguard livestock and, in turn, the food on your plate. ## **From pets to public health: a vet’s journey** When I began training as a veterinarian, I imagined a future caring for pets in a small animal practice. But, during my studies, I discovered a deeper calling: the role vets play in public health. I became fascinated by zoonotic diseases (those shared between animals and humans) and how controlling them can protect entire communities. Food has always been a personal passion, so I decided to specialise in microorganisms that cross the animal-human barrier through food. I have been working on _Salmonella_ for over 15 years now, and it still surprises me! There is always more to learn about this complex and resilient bacterium. ## **What is _Salmonella_?** _Salmonella_ bacteria _Salmonella_ has been with us for millennia, evolving alongside humans and animals since the Neolithic shift from foraging to farming. Today, we can identify over 2,700 types based on their surface structures, and that number keeps growing. All _Salmonella_ types have the potential to infect both animals and people. Transmission can occur through direct contact, contaminated materials and, most commonly, food. Most of us have heard of _Salmonella_ , or even experienced it first-hand. In healthy individuals, infection is usually confined to the gastrointestinal tract and resolves on its own. But for vulnerable groups, such as young children, the elderly, or those with weakened immune systems, _Salmonella_ can pose a much greater risk. In these cases, the bacterium can move beyond the gut, entering the bloodstream and lymphatic system, leading to an infection through the entire body. Symptoms may include high fever, joint pain, and severe fatigue, and treatment might require antibiotics to prevent further complications. ## **_Salmonella_ and the food chain: why “One Health” matters** _Salmonella_ does not just affect people, it is a shared challenge between animals, humans, and the environment. Animals can become infected in several ways: they may acquire it from their parents before birth, pick it up through contact with other infected animals (or even people), or encounter it in contaminated surroundings. This interconnected cycle is known as the One Health approach, a concept that recognises the link between human, animal, and environmental health. Getting it right is essential to keeping our food safe. When an animal is infected, its products, like meat and eggs, can become contaminated. This can happen at the farm or later along the food chain. That is why abattoir hygiene is critical: it is a frontline defence in preventing contamination before food reaches our plates. But the responsibility does not end there. Safe food handling at home is just as important. Avoiding cross-contamination and cooking food thoroughly are simple yet powerful steps we can all take to protect ourselves and our families. ## **Safeguarding livestock, securing food** APHA staff on-site at a livestock farm Healthy livestock is the foundation of safe food. At APHA, we work with the private sector and global partners to prevent and control _Salmonella_ outbreaks. Our research spans multiple livestock sectors, including poultry and pigs. We investigate practical solutions to stop _Salmonella_ from entering farms and spreading within them. For example, we test disinfectants in real-world conditions on farms and in lab-designed models to evaluate their effectiveness. We also support farmers in clearing infections by offering targeted sampling and expert advice. _Salmonella_ can persist in the farm environment, surviving in a dormant state. Identifying these hidden hotspots is key to eradication, and our specialists are skilled at this microbial detective work. We keep abreast of the latest technology, for example using whole genome sequencing (a way of obtaining the full genetic code of each _Salmonella_ isolate). By analysing the full genome, we gain deep insights into the epidemiology of infection, understanding how it spreads, mutates, and clusters. This level of detail empowers us to pinpoint where outbreaks are most likely to occur, so we can respond swiftly and effectively. ## **Global collaboration for a safer future** Our laboratory is one of just six worldwide accredited by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). Through this role, we collaborate with international reference labs, host visiting scientists, and conduct joint research projects. This global exchange of knowledge strengthens our collective fight against _Salmonella_. Personally, I find international work especially rewarding as it broadens our perspectives and connects us with passionate professionals around the world. ## **Teamwork at the heart of _Salmonella_ reference lab activities** APHA employ a team of highly specialised laboratory scientists At APHA’s national and international reference laboratory for _Salmonella_ , our greatest asset is our people. Every individual brings a unique set of skills and expertise that powers our mission to protect public health. From scientists working hands-on with _Salmonella_ in the lab, to molecular biologists decoding its genome, to veterinarians offering guidance on farms and beyond, our strength lies in our team. It is this multidisciplinary teamwork that drives innovation and impact. We are proud of the work we do and the difference it makes: safeguarding food, supporting livelihoods, and protecting the health of animals and people alike. > ### Subscribe to our blog > > We share fascinating stories all year round: from behind-the-scenes glimpses into our cutting-edge scientific work to updates on the latest events and breakthroughs we are part of. > > Want to stay in the loop? Subscribing to our blog takes just seconds, and you will get instant email alerts whenever a new post goes live. Do not miss out!

Red Squirrel Awareness Week,  6 October 6 - 12 October 2025 Red squirrels are fighting for survival and APHA is playing a key role with groundbreaking science, smart feeders, and a bold plan to restore balance to UK woodlands. APHA ecologist Sarah Beatham tells us how. This summer, my team at APHA Wildlife received some truly exciting news. The National Lottery Heritage Fund has awarded £4.86 million to Northumberland Wildlife Trust and its partners to launch the Red Squirrel Recovery Network (RSRN). This five-year initiative is a major step forward in protecting one of the United Kingdom’s (UK’s) most iconic native species, the red squirrel, and I am proud to say APHA is playing a key role. ## **What we are doing and why it matters** As part of the RSRN project, APHA will be working alongside conservation organisations and volunteer groups across Northern England and Southern Scotland. Our focus? Advancing our research into grey squirrel fertility control and supporting red squirrel conservation efforts on the ground. Grey squirrels are a major threat to red squirrels. Not only do they outcompete reds for food and habitat, but they also carry squirrelpox virus, which is deadly to red squirrels. That is why, funded by the UK Squirrel Accord, we have been developing a world-first contraceptive for grey squirrels and it is progressing well. The RSRN project gives us the opportunity to trial bait delivery methods on a much larger scale than ever before, laying the groundwork for future deployment of the contraceptive. ## **Building smarter feeders** Monitoring the effectiveness of bait delivery methods using a squirrel-specific feeder To make this possible, we’re collaborating with manufacturers to develop two types of squirrel feeders: * A grey squirrel-specific feeder for areas where both red and grey squirrels are present. * A squirrel-specific feeder for areas with only grey squirrels. These feeders are based on designs we have used in previous APHA research, and we are testing them to ensure they are robust, cost-effective, and capable of delivering bait exclusively to grey squirrels. ## **Field trials in action** In Southern Scotland and Northumberland, APHA will be training and working with red squirrel conservation volunteers in areas where both species coexist. The grey squirrel-specific feeders will be deployed and monitored using cameras to confirm that only grey squirrels are accessing the bait. These feeders use a clever weight threshold mechanism: the door to the bait only opens for animals weighing over 450 grams. Since grey squirrels are nearly twice the weight of reds, this threshold allows over 90% of adult greys access while excluding all red squirrels, something our research has so far demonstrated, but that needs to be fully tested on a larger scale. A grey squirrel-specific feeder prototype that allows grey squirrels to access bait, but prevents red squirrels from doing so, based on body weight (feeder design by B. Bickerton) In a second trial, we will be working with partners in Cumbria and Lancashire to test the squirrel-specific feeder. This design features a metal tunnel with a bait compartment that squirrels access by pushing open a 70g door with their head. Volunteers trained by APHA will use these feeders to distribute bait containing a dye across large woodland areas. The dye helps us track which squirrels have consumed the bait. To determine how effective this method is, we will estimate local grey squirrel densities using a camera-based technique we developed. Then, by trapping squirrels and collecting hair samples, we will be able to see what proportion of the population consumed the bait, giving us critical insight into how well a contraceptive could work in the future. APHA research has shown that it is possible the deliver bait to most squirrels in most woods using this method. ## **Looking ahead** This project is incredibly important to us at APHA. It is not just about science, it is about restoring balance to our ecosystems. In the future, fertility control could offer a humane, sustainable way to reduce grey squirrel numbers, and with it, we hope to see red squirrels thrive once again across the UK. We are proud to be part of this journey, and we are excited to work with so many passionate volunteers and conservationists. Together, we are building a future where red squirrels are not just surviving, they are flourishing. **The public are being encouraged to get involved with the Red Squirrel Recovery Network by supporting the “Don't Be Shy” campaign on social media, check out #DontBeShy to find out more.**

World Rabies Day, marked annually on 28th September, is a global call to arms to unite in the fight against rabies Every nine minutes, someone dies from rabies, a disease that is entirely preventable. There are estimated to be more than 59,000 lives lost to rabies each year, with 99% of these deaths caused by bites from infected domestic dogs. On World Rabies Day, we are reminded that rabies is a global issue, and we all have a role to play. This year’s theme, “Act Now: You, Me, Community”, calls on individuals, organisations and governments to work together to end rabies deaths. ## **Rabies and UK travellers** In June 2025, a UK traveller died from rabies after being lightly scratched by a stray puppy in Morocco a few months earlier. Medical attention (rabies post exposure prophylaxis) was not received at the time of the scratch and sadly the patient died after being infected with rabies virus. The case highlighted the importance of seeking medical attention following potential exposure to animals in rabies endemic countries even when the contact is minor or the animal looks healthy. Between 2000 and 2024, six UK cases of human rabies were linked to animal exposures abroad. These incidents are a stark reminder that rabies remains a global threat, particularly in regions of Asia and Africa where the virus is still endemic. The UK is rabies free, meaning the virus does not circulate in animals in the UK. However, imported cases of rabies highlights the importance of pre-travel advice, vaccination, and public awareness. ## **What we do at APHA** At the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), we are proud to be leading the UK’s efforts to control rabies through science, surveillance, vigilance and international collaboration. We are the UK’s National Reference Laboratory for rabies, we carry out testing and provide expert advice for both animal and human suspect cases. This includes diagnosing rabies in people and animals suspected of having this notifiable disease, assisting clinicians and veterinarians to make fast and informed decisions. Our field veterinary inspectors respond immediately to investigate clinical suspicion of rabies in animals under the guidance of the veterinary exotic notifiable diseases unit (VENDU). We help make international pet travel safer, too. Our veterinary inspectors and animal health officers at UK ports check that pets entering the country are healthy, vaccinated and have the right paperwork. More than 400,000 pets (dogs and cats) entered through dedicated UK border points in 2024. In addition, each year, we test around 14,000 pet blood samples to confirm rabies protection after vaccination. This is part of a process called Pet Travel Scheme (PETs) testing, which helps confirm that animals travelling internationally are properly vaccinated against rabies, keeping both animals and people safe. APHA is recognised as International Reference Laboratories (IRL) by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), contributing to global standards in rabies diagnosis and control. Our research and development advances our knowledge of rabies and supports diagnosis, prevention and elimination of dog-mediated human rabies. We are collaborating with domestic and global researchers to innovate and enhance rabies vaccine efficacy and applying artificial intelligence for rabies virus detection. In addition, we develop tools to check how well vaccines work (antibody neutralisation detection). For instance, our recent research has focused on engineering rabies viruses to glow under a microscope (express fluorescent proteins), making it quicker and easier to spot protective antibodies. We use bioinformatics for genetic typing of the rabies virus (reading the virus’s genome) to help us understand how, where, and when the virus spreads around the world. In India, rabies cases mainly come from a large and unvaccinated stray dog population. Photo by Atharva Tulsi on Unsplash. We strengthen rabies control and prevention by working with partners across the globe including China, India, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Jordan, Ethiopia, Nigeria, South Africa, the USA, and several countries in Europe and Central Asia. Through this collaboration, we also train professionals and share trusted tools and advice worldwide. ## **Tracking the threat: what bat passive surveillance tells us** A serotine bat having a mouth swab to check for lyssavirus Although the UK is rabies free, related lyssaviruses have been detected in two species of UK bats. Since 1986, APHA has run the Defra-funded Passive Bat Surveillance Programme, testing over 21,000 bats submitted by members of the public, bat groups, bat rehabilitators and conservationists. The programme looks for viruses (lyssaviruses) related to the rabies virus that also cause rabies disease. Through this programme, we have: * Detected European bat lyssavirus-2 (EBLV-2) in Daubenton’s bats in the UK since 1996. Sadly, two people have died of rabies due to this virus, including a bat conservationist in Scotland in 2002. * Detected European bat lyssavirus-1 (EBLV-1) in Serotine bats since 2018. This virus has caused four known human deaths in Europe and has also been found in cats, sheep, and a stone marten. The most recent human death due to EBLV-1 was in France in 2019. The cause of death was only discovered later (retrospectively) through metagenomic analysis - a scientific method that looks at all the genetic material in a sample to help identify viruses and other microbes. As noted here, these viruses can infect other animals and, in rare cases, people. So, it is a known zoonotic threat, which is likely to be under-reported or misdiagnosed. Scan the QR code or click here to explore results from the UK Passive bat rabies surveillance programme ## **Rabies in real life: global initiatives to help end rabies** Behind every statistic is a real person, a real story, and a real impact. Around the world, individuals and communities continue to face the devastating consequences of rabies and many are working tirelessly to prevent it. Organisations like Mission Rabies are making a real difference. In Cambodia, they vaccinated over 229,000 dogs in just two weeks, reaching the critical 70% coverage needed to stop rabies transmission. Their teams also deliver life-saving education to millions of children and respond rapidly to suspected rabid dog cases – as reported by Mission Rabies. Globally, the United Against Rabies (UAR) Forum, backed by the World Health Organisation (WHO), World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and Global Alliance for Rabies Control (GARC), is driving the Zero by 30 goal, aiming to end human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030. Their One Health approach brings together governments, researchers, non-governmental organisations and vaccine producers to strengthen rabies control in the world’s most underserved regions − as reported by UAR. Closer to home, APHA has continued to lead global efforts to eliminate the disease. APHA was recently re-designated by WHO as a Collaborating Centre for One Health Operationalisation in rabies. This is in recognition of APHA’s vital role in supporting rabies-endemic countries through laboratory training, technical assistance, and strategic guidance. This re-designation is a true demonstration of APHA’s international impact and long-standing commitment to ending dog-mediated human rabies by 2030. These efforts and many others not mentioned here, show why rabies prevention is important. Rabies can be eliminated, but only if we act together. That means responsible pet ownership, timely vaccination, global teamwork, and volunteering to support control efforts. ## **How you can help** * Follow Lucy’s Law and choose responsible pet ownership * Follow the UK official pet travel advice before travelling with your pet abroad * Contact the Bat Conservation Trust (BCT) to submit dead bats to APHA for our UK Passive bat rabies surveillance programme. * Admire bats safely – if you come across one, follow BCT guidance before approaching or handling (Help! I've found a bat - Advice - Bat Conservation Trust). * Raise awareness - share this blog and help others understand the risks and how we can prevent rabies. * World Rabies Day is celebrated globally each year on 28th September, and APHA encourages you to take part. **Together, we can end rabies, act now. You, me, community!**

_Meet the APHA scientist tackling a hidden cattle virus - Dr. Amin Asfor’s mission to stop Bovine Viral Diarrhoea could change farming, food safety, and global animal health._ ## **The role of the National Reference Laboratory (NRL) led by Dr. Amin Asfor** Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) presents a major challenge to farmers due to its ability to spread silently through persistently infected animals, causing immunosuppression, reproductive losses, and increased vulnerability to other diseases. These effects lead to significant economic costs from reduced productivity, veterinary expenses, and trade restrictions. Diagnostic complexity and the need for coordinated eradication efforts further complicate control, making BVDV a persistent threat to cattle health and farm sustainability both in the UK and globally. I play a leading role in addressing this disease through my work as Head of the National Reference Laboratory for BVD at the Animal and Plant Health Agency. The NRL for BVD really is a team effort, not only overseeing testing, but also providing advice on BVD-related matters to vets and livestock practitioners. My role involves improving our testing capabilities and helping to fill in knowledge gaps by advancing research to better understand how the virus transmits across different species. I also develop species-specific diagnostic assays, and continuously check that the tests we have are fit for purpose. All this information is shared with colleagues at APHA and our partners. ## **Understanding BVDV and its impact** The UK has ambitious plans to eradicate BVD from our national herd (Animal Health and Welfare Pathway - GOV.UK) and the APHA is committed to improving animal health, ensuring the resilience and safety of our food supply, and strengthening the long-term sustainability of the livestock industry. BVDV causes significant health, environmental, and economic implications, highlighting the importance of coordinated eradication efforts. The animal in the picture may appear to be a healthy calf, but appearances can be deceiving: this animal is a virus super spreader! Unlike most viral infections that animals (or humans) can overcome, leading to full recovery, BVDV is unusual as it can cause persistent infection. This means continuous shedding of the virus (the process by which virus particles are released from an infected host into the environment) and greater chances of onward transmission. By identifying and removing these persistently infected animals, we can take an important step towards stopping the spread of this virus and eradicate the disease. ## **Global support and academic collaboration** The APHA is World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Reference Laboratory on BVDV, which offers a great opportunity for APHA to extend its expertise internationally and facilitates global collaboration in disease diagnostics. We provide resources, reagents, and advice to laboratories worldwide, and offer training if needed. Additionally, I hold a senior lecturer position at the University of Surrey, which strengthens the academic ties of the reference laboratory for BVDV and offers a platform to educate and inspire future vets and scientists about the importance of the BVDV eradication programme and the holistic activities of APHA as a frontline for disease control in the UK. ## **The path forward** Ambitious plans to eradicate BVDV in the UK are challenging but achievable! It is a collaborative effort of veterinary practitioners, researchers, policymakers, and educators. By increasing the capabilities of the National Reference Laboratory for BVDV, we are better equipped to tackle this disease. Through continuous targeted research, improved diagnostic methodologies, international collaboration, and public educational initiatives, we aim to create a future where BVDV is no longer a threat to cattle health. The battle against BVDV is not just a scientific effort; it is a vital investment in the future of livestock health, agricultural productivity, and food safety. Together, we can establish a path toward the successful eradication of this disease, ensuring a healthier future for animals and farmers alike.

Yellow-legged hornet/Asian hornet week falls 1-8 September 2025 In the quiet hum of summer gardens, a new buzz is making headlines, and it is not just the bees. Across England, Animal and Plant Health Agency’s (APHA) National Bee Unit (NBU) is leading a high-tech charge against one of the most destructive invasive species threatening our pollinators: the yellow-legged hornet (YLH), also known as the Asian hornet. Their secret weapon? Micro-transmitters which are tiny devices turning hornets into unwitting allies in the hunt for their own nests. ## **The hornet threat is growing** First detected in the UK in 2016, the yellow-legged hornet (_Vespa velutina_) has spread rapidly across Europe since its arrival in France in 2004. With no natural predators and a voracious appetite, a single nest can consume over 11 kilograms of insects in one season including bees, wasps, spiders, and other pollinators. Honeybees are a particular favourite prey for YLH and make up around 40% of their diet. This predation poses a serious threat to biodiversity and agriculture. For fruit growers and beekeepers, the hornet’s presence can be catastrophic, disrupting pollination and decimating colonies. From 2016 to 2022, the NBU dealt with just one or two sightings and nest finds per year. But in 2023, that number skyrocketed to 72 nests found and destroyed. During 2024, nearly 30,000 reports were made via the Asian Hornet Watch app, with approximately 70 being credible and 24 nests found. At the time of writing, 72 nests have been found this year, and the season is not over yet. ## **Tracking the enemy** The traditional method for locating hornet nests is often a labour-intensive process. And despite continued refinement following the increase in reports over the last three years, teams of inspectors can spend days tracking feeding hornets from bait stations, marking them with coloured pens, timing their return visits, and estimating flight paths often in challenging locations, in order to finally locate the nest. One of our inspectors holding a large yellow-legged hornet nest ## **Enter the micro-transmitter: a game-changer in pest control** This summer, the NBU trialled a dramatic new approach: fitting live hornets with micro-transmitters to trace their flight paths back to their nests. Developed by Robor Nature in the Netherlands, these marvels of modern engineering weigh less than 160mg and feature shortened antennas to minimise discomfort for the hornet. They are rechargeable, adjustable, and reusable, making them a sustainable and cost-effective solution. Dan Etheridge, Regional Bee Inspector, shared with BBC News South East: > “We have already used six tags (transmitters) and have found six nests (all in less than an hour of attachment), so it is going to speed things up dramatically for what we do in the field.” That is a staggering improvement in efficiency. ## **Practical innovation** One of the most revolutionary aspects of this system is its simplicity. The transmitter can be attached in just five seconds without anesthetising the hornet. This reduces stress for the insect and allows for immediate release, streamlining the process and making it accessible to trained personnel. ## **Here is how it works:** * Inspectors attend credible sightings * Hornets are encouraged to feed at bait stations * A confidently feeding hornet is marked with a coloured pen * Once it returns reliably, it is captured again and fitted with a transmitter * Released, the hornet becomes a flying beacon Using handheld directional receivers, smartphone apps, or even drones, inspectors can track the hornet’s movements with pinpoint accuracy. Signal strength is displayed via LED indicators and audio pitch, guiding inspectors directly to the nest. Triangulation using three receivers allows teams to quickly home in on the nest site. Once located, the hornet often returns to the bait station, where it can be recaptured and the transmitter reused. ## **Mobilising the public: your role in the fight** Public awareness is a crucial component of this battle. Misidentification remains a major issue, which is why the name change from “Asian hornet” to “yellow-legged hornet” is so important. Their yellow legs, dark body, and single broad band across the lower abdomen are striking features that help distinguish them from native species. This picture shows European hornet on the left, yellow-legged hornet on the right The Asian Hornet Watch App is a vital tool in this effort. In 2024, it helped generate nearly 30,000 reports. We urge everyone to download the app and stay informed. Your reports could be the key to locating a nest and preventing further spread. ## **Scaling up: what is next?** Having proved successful in the field, four sets of transmitter equipment were ordered and delivered in August 2025. Training of inspectors is now underway, and deployment is imminent. This equipment could prove to be a game-changer in maintaining the eradication of YLH. With each tagged hornet, we gain a new opportunity to strike at the heart of the problem, one nest at a time. So next time you hear a buzz in the garden, remember: it might just be the sound of science in action. ## **What you can do today** The Asian Hornet Watch app is available on iPhone and android * Download the Asian Hornet Watch App * Report any sightings promptly (you can also do this by online form and email) * Share the app with friends, family, and colleagues * Stay informed via the NBU’s rolling update page for 2025 * Use the identification sheet to help with accurate identification Together, we can protect our pollinators and preserve the delicate balance of our ecosystems. > ### Subscribe to our blog > > We share fascinating stories all year round: from behind-the-scenes glimpses into our cutting-edge scientific work to updates on the latest events and breakthroughs we are part of. > > Want to stay in the loop? Subscribing to our blog takes just seconds, and you will get instant email alerts whenever a new post goes live. Do not miss out!

World Mosquito Day shines a spotlight on the persistent danger of malaria and other diseases spread by mosquitoes Earlier this year, West Nile virus was detected in a native mosquito population for the first time. Dr Calam Bruce talks about APHA’s role in this discovery as part of the Vector-Borne RADAR (Real-time Arbovirus Detection and Response) project. The Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) is the UK’s frontline service in the prevention and control of animal and plant diseases. Given three quarters of human disease originate from animals (COVID-19 and ‘flu being two examples), the work we do also has a direct impact on human health. Many zoonotic diseases (those that pass from humans to animals and vice versa) are spread by vectors like mosquitoes and ticks, and APHA is at the forefront of researching these. In recent decades, mosquito-borne diseases have undergone relatively rapid geographic expansion, including moving from tropic and sub-tropic environments into temperate regions (such as the UK), primarily driven by movement of people and global climate change. ## **The rising risk of Usutu and West Nile viruses in the UK** Historically, the UK had been considered relatively free of mosquito-borne diseases. However, in the summer of 2020, Usutu virus (USUV) was detected here for the first time in wild birds by APHA scientists in collaboration with the Institute of Zoology, following its spread in recent decades across mainland Europe. Since its emergence, we have seen a 50% decline in blackbirds (a highly susceptible host of the virus) in Greater London, and we are starting to see a signs of decline in blackbirds in eastern England as the virus expands its geographic range. Although Usutu virus is less virulent in humans and horses, it can cause a lethal disease in certain species of birds, particularly blackbirds USUV mainly affects birds, but research shows that where USUV emerges, West Nile Virus (WNV) may follow, as they have similar climatic requirements. WNV can cause significant disease in animals such as birds and horses and can be transmitted through mosquito-bites to humans, resulting in neurological disease in around 20% of those exposed to the virus. In very rare cases this can result in death. The virus is established in various regions across the globe, including Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and North America. The geographic range of WNV has expanded in recent years to more northerly and western regions of mainland Europe. ## **Real-time surveillance of mosquito-borne viruses in the UK** To improve our understanding of emerging mosquito-borne diseases the Vector-Borne RADAR (Real-time Arbovirus Detection and Response) project was established in 2023. This research programme is an APHA-led collaboration with the British Trust for Ornithology, Institute of Zoology and UK Health Security Agency. As part of the project, extensive mosquito monitoring was established in areas that were considered at high risk of viruses entering the country. Alongside this, we undertook retrospective screening for viruses in _Aedes vexans_ mosquitoes that had been trapped for other projects. Two thousand _Aedes vexans_ , collected from Nottinghamshire in July 2023, were submitted to APHA where we pooled them into groups of 10 and screened them for the presence of WNV. Two of these pools were positive and we recovered a fragment of the WNV genome. This is the first confirmed detection of WNV in the UK, and highlights that this virus can naturally enter the country, most likely through migratory bird movement. The remaining 198 pools from the same site tested negative for the virus, and from continued surveillance in mosquitoes and birds from across England, there is no current evidence at the time of writing that WNV is circulating, and there have been no locally acquired human WNV infections reported. _Aedes vexans_ mosquito _Aedes vexans_ is native to the UK and is a reasonably rare mosquito due to its habitat requirements. However, in a few locations in England, they can occur at high densities, associated with summer flooded river landscapes. While not a common occurrence, in areas where _Aedes vexans_ are present they can cause a nuisance by biting. ## **West Nile Virus: low risk to the UK , vigilant measures in place** Although WNV was detected, based on our surveillance, the risk  from WNV is still considered to be very low. It also shows that our surveillance is working, that is, we have the correct tools to detect the virus even at very low levels. Surveillance and control activities are being enhanced in light of the findings so that rapid action can be taken in response to detection. Currently, the main risk of WNV infection for UK residents continues to be travel to areas overseas where the virus is circulating. In addition, as WNV infection is a notifiable disease of horses, APHA offers a Test to Exclude service for veterinarians. ## **About the Vector-Borne RADAR project** The Vector-Borne RADAR project, which runs until March 2026, aims to enhance surveillance for mosquito-borne zoonotic diseases where wild birds are a primary host.. The grant undertakes active surveillance in wild birds and mosquitoes, combined with citizen science initiatives to help us understand the emergence, spread and impact of mosquito-borne disease in the UK. To find out more, visit: https://www.vb-radar.com. * * * > ### Subscribe to our blog > > We share fascinating stories all year round: from behind-the-scenes glimpses into our cutting-edge scientific work to updates on the latest events and breakthroughs we are part of. > > Want to stay in the loop? Subscribing to our blog takes just seconds, and you will get instant email alerts whenever a new post goes live. Do not miss out!

In 2023, The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) launched the Animal Health and Welfare Pathway Animal Health and Welfare Pathway - GOV.UK. The pathway supports improving farm animal health and welfare and works in partnership with farmers, vets, the wider industry and the supply chain. One of its aims is to improve biosecurity to control diseases already present in the United Kingdom (UK) and help prevent the introduction of new threats. ## **Spotlight on Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome** One of the diseases highlighted in the pathway is Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS), which costs the farming industry an estimated £52 million per year. This cost includes direct losses, for example: piglet deaths and slower growth (weight gain) in infected pigs, and indirect such as increased antibiotic use to treat additional infections, linking PRRS to the problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). PRRS was first detected in the UK and other regions in the early 1990s. Today, the virus has spread globally and is present in pig populations around the world. PRRS can cause a wide range of clinical signs including respiratory problems in young piglets and reproductive issues for female pigs (sows). The disease affects pigs of all ages, so can have a huge impact. Diagnostic testing confirmed that the pigs pictured have PRRS. Due to PRRSV weakening their immune systems, they also have a pneumonia causing (secondary) bacterial infection, a combination which increases disease severity. Photo credit: Susanna Williamson, APHA Like many other viruses, PRRSV genes often change (mutate) so the virus is constantly evolving. It is a very generous virus, happily sharing its genetic material with other PRRS viruses when it gets the chance by using a process called recombination. This means that the virus can quickly change, which can result in more severe disease or ineffective control using available vaccines. As the National Reference Laboratory (NRL) for PRRS, APHA is supporting the pathway and national ambition by providing testing and advice and also conducting research to better understand how the virus behaves and what we could do to stop it. ## **Collaboration is key** As PRRS has such a wide impact, it is important to work together with other organisations and share expertise. APHA has strong links with other organisations in the UK including Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), and Northern Ireland's Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (DARDNI). Surveillance and testing expertise is shared with SRUC and DARDNI, including confirmatory testing for some samples, which strengthens our activities across the UK. The NRL also share data with the national Pig Expert Group and via the quarterly Great Britain pig disease surveillance and emerging threats reports, where any changes in disease patterns are carefully monitored. As well governmental bodies, the team work with multiple national and international partners to better understand the PRRS virus. Examples include: * Providing support to investigate PRRS disease outbreaks in Nepal; * Working with vaccine companies to develop new vaccines to help control PRRS and to reduce the financial and welfare cost of the disease for farmers; * Working with commercial companies to try out new diagnostic tests; * Working with pig feed manufacturers to test novel formulations which aim to reduce PRRSV transmission. ## **Building resilience and future capacity** Dr Jean-Pierre Frossard, NRL Head for PRRS > “APHA’s Virology Department and Surveillance Intelligence Unit have been supporting work on PRRS disease control since the early 1990s. This includes checking that current diagnostic tests are fit for purpose, developing new tests, as well as surveillance activities to see which PRRS viruses are circulating around the UK. > > I joined the Virology Department in 2001 and began working with PRRS in 2005. Since then, I have enjoyed working with many colleagues both within APHA and from other groups across the world, with the common aim of tackling this disease. It has been a challenge to keep up with new technologies that can be applied to the work. I have also enjoyed the opportunities for development, such as becoming a better team leader and learning about the role of disease consultant”. > > **Dr Jean-Pierre Frossard** > > NRL Head for PRRS, APHA APHA supports the professional development of our scientific staff by funding academic qualifications. Let us hear from two students in Jean-Pierre’s group who are currently carrying our PhD projects relating to PRRS: > “I began working on PRRS in 2018, mainly tracking PRRS virus from different farms and looking at changes in the virus. That piqued my interest in PRRS, leading me to start a PhD focused on the behaviour of PRRS virus in the field and how the virus changes over time. One of my first tasks is to be able to “see” the virus through fluorescent imaging of virus infected cells. I will also be looking closely at how the PRRS virus changes when it infects a pig – for example, does the virus change more in different bodily organs?” > > **Steph Clive** > > APHA > “I started my PhD in October 2024, and have  been spending time planning and reading about the research conducted at APHA and other institutes  on PRRS, trying to understand the impact of different strains on disease and how pigs react to PRRS virus infection. My PhD focuses on investigating any differences in the initial response when pigs are infected with different PRRS viruses. Currently, I am looking at how we can get the purest PRRS virus isolates from field samples. Once the isolates are ready, they can be used for further experiments for example, comparing different strains to see how quickly they can grow and cause disease”. > > **Bailey Clark** > > APHA ## Looking ahead All of this work contributes to the ongoing efforts to improve the control of this important disease of pigs in the UK and worldwide. ## Further reading APHA scientists have helped successfully deliver a new vaccine for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type 1 (PRRSV-1) in partnership with The Pirbright Institute.

Cat image by Freepik When searching for a new furry friend, the best place to start is right here in Great Britain (GB), whether that means adopting, rehoming, or buying from a reputable breeder. Supporting pets in need close to home not only helps reduce the number of animals in rescue centres but also ensures a smoother transition for both pet and owner. That said, we understand it is not always that simple. With the rise of online listings featuring animals from overseas, finding that dream pet from abroad has never been easier… or more tempting. However, imagine waiting weeks with anticipation and excitement for your pet, preparing for its arrival and dreaming of bringing it into your life, to then be told that on arrival at the port, the animal did not meet the GB entry requirements and would not be permitted to continue its journey to your home. Unfortunately, this is something APHA inspectors see far too often - where animals are imported that are very poorly or do not have the correct health status documentation and must then be held in quarantine. This causes undue stress on the animals and new owners, with any extra costs to fund quarantine kennels or veterinary care having to be paid. It can be months before an animal is released from quarantine. In this blog, we explain what is needed to bring a happy and healthy animal into GB to become a much-cherished pet, whilst keeping the country safe from diseases that effect both animals and humans. Extensive research is fundamental before considering rescuing or purchasing a new pet from abroad, to ensure the animal is suitable and has a safe and comfortable travel experience. Although it will become your pet once it is delivered to your home, during its journey and at the point of entry into GB, it is a cat or dog that is being transported for a commercial purpose and is subject to the necessary import regulations. ## **Research the rescue centre or breeder** This is a priority action that could prevent issues later. Prospective owners are encouraged to research before committing to taking ownership: * Consider customer reviews and feedback, where are they based and what support is offered after purchase. * Age of cat or dog, where was it born, and what country it is in. Pets must be microchipped, and rabies vaccinated in their country of origin and follow the import preparation requirements for that country. * Video footage and photographs. Details of the breed and temperament. Does it match your family/specific circumstances and environment? * Details of any pre-existing injuries or conditions and any treatment or medicines it is receiving. * Information on the transporter who will be bringing your new pet into GB and their contact details. ## **Minimum requirements and documentation** It can be the rescue centre or breeder’s responsibility to arrange all the logistics for your pet to enter GB, but as the new owner you are responsible for any fees should your pet be non-compliant with the GB entry requirements. Ask lots of questions to satisfy your new pet is fit to travel and ask for copies of documents where possible in advance. Question ‘why’ if you are asked to pay more for official documents at the last moment or during transit. Some of the basic rules for importing into GB are: * All cats and dogs must be identified with a microchip before rabies vaccination or tapeworm treatment is administered. * Animals must be at least **12 weeks** of age before they can be vaccinated against rabies, and they must be vaccinated in accordance with the vaccine manufacturer’s instructions. Check what vaccine has been used, as your pet may need multiple doses or may need to wait longer before it is eligible to travel. * Dogs travelling from most countries into GB must be treated for tapeworm between 24-120 hours before arriving into GB. * The rules are different depending upon where your pet is travelling from. Check GOV.UK for further information. If you are in GB and taking ownership of an animal from abroad, even if it is a gift from a friend or family member and/or no money has changed hands, your new pet will need to follow the Balai Rules as they cannot enter under the pet travel rules. Be wary if you are asked for your own passport details by anyone associated with the pet, as this is not necessary and may be an indicator that the import rules are not being followed correctly. ## **Welfare during transport** APHA have teams based at our borders Reputable rescue centres and breeders will prioritise animal welfare by using appropriately authorised transporters to ensure the welfare of your pet throughout their journey, and minimisation of stress, so ask about the status of the transporter.  Some of the welfare issues being seen by APHA are: * Long journeys (days). * Animals not fit for the journey. * Poor temperature control and ventilation in the vehicle. * Cramped conditions, unsuitable size or damaged crates used. * Not taken out of the vehicle from departure to destination. * Food and water withheld to prevent soiling and reduce need to clean crates. Your new pet must also be delivered directly to the destination declared on the official documents by the transporter, where they must stay for a minimum of 48 hours. It is against the law to collect your new pet from a public area such as a motorway service station or car park. ## **Protecting our borders from the risk of diseases** #### **This is of vital importance not just for the health of your new pet and you, but to also protect GB.** Zoonotic diseases, which can be transmitted from animals to humans such as Rabies and Echinococcus multilocularis (tapeworm), can have potential devastating health effects on the pet as well as carrying the risk of passing it on to other animals and humans. Rabies antibody testing and testing for Brucella Canis, another zoonotic disease that can potentially be imported with pets, is carried out at APHA’s reference laboratory in Weybridge. Vital horizon scanning surveillance work is also carried out to monitor the risks and to help prevent exotic diseases entering the UK. ## **Further information:** Rabies: risk assessment, post-exposure treatment, management - GOV.UK Brucella canis: information for the public and dog owners - GOV.UK Bringing your pet dog, cat or ferret to Great Britain: Which pet travel document you need - GOV.UK Import live animals and germinal products to Great Britain under Balai rules - GOV.UK Animal welfare in transport - GOV.UK

_APHA Scientific brings vital UK science to the world, supporting animal and plant health through diagnostics, reagents, and expert services._ > APHA Scientific supports UK industry and the economy by building national and international partnerships for a greener global Britain. If you have not come across APHA Scientific before, you are not alone. We are a small part of a big agency, but we are doing some pretty important work, and now we have a new website to help us shout about it. APHA Scientific, our Business Development team, sits within the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA). While the agency delivers vital work for the UK government, like controlling disease outbreaks, testing for new threats, and researching ways to protect animal and plant health, APHA Scientific is the team that takes that work and makes it available to the wider world. It might mean offering biological reagents to veterinary companies overseas. Or it might mean offering something more bespoke like helping a company identify viruses in their samples, using scientific expertise to support research and development, or providing access to high containment laboratories and specialist animal housing. Whatever it is, the aim is the same: to help protect animals, people, the environment, and the economy. ## **Taking great science beyond government** Our job in APHA Scientific is to take what the agency does so well and offer it, responsibly, to people outside of UK government. This can include organisations such as private veterinary laboratories, universities and research institutions, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, regulators and overseas governments, vets, farmers, and others working in the animal health industry. If there is a way to make something useful, relevant, and ethical, and if we are not competing with UK industry, we find a way to offer it. We do not do it just to bring in income (although that helps!). We do it to make the most of the agency’s expertise, reach more people, and reinvest in research that benefits everyone. It is about keeping vital skills alive, sharing our knowledge, and making sure public investment in science goes further. ## **What we offer** Over the years, we have built up a wide range of specialist products and services — all backed by expert scientists, high-tech laboratories, and a business development team who help make it all happen. ### **Products and services available include:** * Biological reagents and diagnostic kits for animal diseases * VETQAS® Proficiency Testing for veterinary laboratories * Laboratory diagnostic testing * Vaccine development and testing * Pathology and bio-imaging * Bacterial and viral identification and characterisation * Bacterial and viral culture collections * Virus discovery * Wildlife management * Veterinary research and development * Access to APHA generated intellectual property through licensing programmes It is a long list, which is constantly evolving as we respond to new challenges and opportunities. If you do not see what you are looking for, just get in touch – we might still be able to help or point you in the right direction. ## **Spotlight on VETQAS** A good example of what APHA Scientific does is VETQAS® Proficiency Testing (PT). VETQAS was established in the 1970s as a way of checking the accuracy of APHA’s own laboratory work. Today, it is a market-leading proficiency testing service, helping veterinary laboratories across the world stay on top of their game. Diagnostic laboratories receive "blind" samples from VETQAS, carry out their usual tests, and report their findings. The laboratory then receives a confidential inter-laboratory report comparing their results with others. This helps them spot any issues, meet accreditation standards, and continually improve. VETQAS offers over 100 commercial PT schemes with customers spanning over 80 countries and is UKAS-accredited to ISO/IEC 17043. In short, we help laboratories make sure they are diagnosing animal diseases correctly, which is vital for animal health, food security, and trade. Scientists preparing PT samples the VETQAS laboratory ## **Why our new APHA Scientific website matters** www.aphscientific.com home page Our new website has brought everything together in one place. It is clearer, faster, mobile-friendly, and designed to make it easier for people to explore what we offer. It includes built in features like: * Language translation * Accessibility improvements * Better search tools * Stronger security and compliance And this is just the start — we are already planning future updates to improve the experience even more. www.aphascientific.com responsive design on mobile device ## **Global reach, personal conversations** The website and digital marketing channels are a key part of how we connect with the world, but not the only way. Each year, our small team of business development managers, marketers (that is me!), and technical experts attend events across the UK and internationally. We go as delegates, exhibitors, and sponsors, and we use those opportunities to talk face-to-face with current and potential customers. From animal health expos in Europe to lab science conferences in Asia, these conversations help us understand what people need — and explain how we can help. It is not just about selling. It is about building partnerships, sharing knowledge, collaboration, and making sure the right people know how we can support them. The Business Development Team in action at a recent diagnostic conference ## **Behind the scenes: The people making it work** One thing I have come to really value in this role is the way our business development managers (BDMs) bridge the gap between science and business. Our BDMs bring a mix of expertise such as veterinary, scientific, technical, legal and commercial contract backgrounds. They can handle everything from technical discussions to negotiating License Agreements. They understand what our customers are asking for, but also what our scientists can realistically deliver. They manage expectations, spot opportunities, and keep projects moving. That close connection between science and service is what makes APHA Scientific work so well. And while we are a commercial team, our mindset is very much aligned with the wider APHA mission: to protect animal and plant health to benefit people, the economy and the environment. ## **Final thoughts** I am really proud of the work we do, and I am proud that we have now got a platform that helps us tell that story better. This new website is not just a digital upgrade, it reflects how far we have come, how much we have learned, and how much more we have got to share. If you work in animal health, science, or just have an interest in what APHA does, have a look. Whether you are down the road or across the globe, we are here, we are open for business, and we are ready to talk. **For further information and to speak to one of our Business Development Team please contact** : **+44 (0)3000 600001 | aphascientific@apha.gov.uk | www.aphascientific.com**

World Zoonosis Day is marked annually on 6 July Ticks are particularly unpleasant creatures. They bite us, cause infestations in livestock and pets, and are a source of numerous pathogens that cause diseases such as Lyme disease, tick-borne fever and tick-borne encephalitis. Every year on 6 July, World Zoonoses Day highlights the importance of understanding diseases that can spread between animals and humans. To mark the occasion in 2025, this blog features Ben Jones and Nick Johnson as they delve into their work identifying viruses  found in ticks across the UK. Their research recently led to the discovery of a zoonotic virus, underscoring the vital role of ongoing surveillance in protecting public health. The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines zoonoses as those “diseases and infections that are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and man”. About two thirds of the diseases that affect humans are zoonoses and many of the pathogens APHA test for, fall into this category. The TickTools project, led by APHA, was established in 2023 with a grant from UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) and Defra, to investigate the microbiome (all organisms present, for example, bacteria, fungi and viruses) of ticks infesting animals in the UK. Ben Jones from the TickTools project describes the process of obtaining a tick microbiome: The first step in the process of obtaining a tick’s microbiome is to sterilise a deceased tick with bleach to remove any bacteria, fungi or other microorganisms that may be on the outside of the tick. This could have come from the environment or from the person that collected the tick. We then use a machine that shakes a tube containing the tick, a metal bead and a cell-breaking chemical, until all that is left is a murky liquid that contains all the genetic information (DNA and RNA) that was once inside the tick. This can then be isolated from the liquid, allowing us to determine the genetic sequences of all the organisms present. We take these genetic sequences, piece them together and compare them to a reference database to help us to identify all the different organisms that were in the tick. The majority of genetic sequences that we find usually come from the tick itself. This is useful for studying the genetics of the ticks and can help us to understand how ticks from different parts of the country are related. Aside from that, we usually see a lot of bacterial and fungal species, with the occasional virus. This approach can only match sequences back to known references within our databases and so cannot help us to find anything new. However, the TickTools project has given us the tools to be able to identify viruses that have not been detected before. To do this, we first piece together overlapping sequences of DNA to form longer sequences called contigs. We then scan these for key patterns that are commonly found in many viruses. If we spot those patterns, we compare the sequence to known viruses to find the closest match and check if it has all the necessary genes of a complete virus. By using these approaches, we can identify potential pathogens that are carried by ticks in the UK, which can then inform approaches taken to prevent animal diseases and zoonoses. Earlier this year, the Mammalian Virology group detected a novel virus infecting hedgehogs submitted to APHA from rehabilitation centres (Is a newly discovered virus contributing to the decline of our wild hedgehogs? – APHA Science Blog). However, the story did not end there. As a result of this investigation, large numbers of ticks and fleas infesting these animals were recorded on each animal, perhaps not a surprise to anyone who has encountered a hedgehog. APHA scientists have discovered a new arterivirus in hedgehogs, named hedgehog arterivirus (HhAV) This presented an opportunity for the TickTools project to take advantage of these samples. The ticks removed from hedgehogs looked similar to the common sheep tick (_Ixodes ricinus_) but were all the hedgehog tick (_Ixodes hexagonus)_. This species infests burrows, and although rarer than the common sheep tick, the UK tick surveillance scheme does receive reports of tick bites by this species and it has been reported to bite humans and domestic animals. Enlarged images of the sheep tick, _Ixodes ricinus_ (left) and the hedgehog tick, _Ixodes hexagonus_ (right) – not to scale. An initial finding from this study was the identification of Alongshan virus (ALSV): a previously undetected virus in the UK, found in the very first tick we examined and a pathogen originally detected in ticks in China. This is significant because although the TickTools project encounters many viruses associated with ticks, the vast majority do not present an immediate risk to humans or animals. Following the discovery of ALSV in China, several human cases involving fever and neurological symptoms linked to tick bites, were subsequently reported in the region. These were all attributed to ALSV infection. This triggered further studies that detected antibodies to the virus in sheep and cattle. Figurative representation of a tick’s microbiome. Image generated using Google’s generative AI application Gemini from the prompt ‘produce an image of an _Ixodes_ tick with viruses, bacteria and DNA exploding from it’ Our discovery of ALSV in UK ticks has been reviewed by the Human Animal Infections and Risks Surveillance group (HAIRS). The genomic sequence of the UK virus was quite distinct to those viruses found in Europe, Russia and China. So far, there is no evidence of infections in humans or animals, but this discovery provides the opportunity to prepare public and animal health bodies for the emergence of this virus and continue to raise awareness about the dangers of infectious diseases associated with tick bites.

## Are wild hedgehogs at risk from a new virus? European hedgehogs, once a common sight in our hedgerows, woodland and gardens, are now in serious decline in the United Kingdom (UK). British hedgehogs have declined by up to 75% in rural areas since 2000 and are now recognised as a species of conservation concern (classified as ‘near threatened’ on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red list in Europe). While habitat loss and traffic accidents are considered to be two of the most important reasons driving this decline, there is no doubt that a combination of many factors are involved. It is important to try to understand all threats to hedgehog survival if we are to protect the species now and in the future. A novel hedgehog virus was discovered in 2019, when an outbreak of neurological disease began in wild hedgehogs admitted to a wildlife hospital and rehabilitation centre in England. The outbreak lasted for four months and approximately half of the hedgehogs admitted died or were put to sleep due to severe neurological disease. Both young and adult hedgehogs were affected. In many instances, the animals lost their appetite a few days after admission, before progressing to more serious signs or death, although others took up to six weeks before showing signs of neurological disease. The attending veterinarian at the wildlife hospital performed gross postmortem examinations of three newly dead hedgehogs, but no major macroscopic changes were identified. Specialist veterinary examination by a pathologist at the International Zoo Veterinary Group (IZVG) concluded similar microscopic lesions in the fixed brain tissues of the three hedgehogs, consistent with a common cause. However, no specific cause could be established through these examinations. Scientists at APHA were approached by the IZVG pathologist to help with resolving the cause of this outbreak. Utilising cutting-edge technologies such as Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), APHA scientists have discovered a new arterivirus in these three hedgehogs, named hedgehog arterivirus (HhAV). No other viral pathogens could be identified in brain tissues of the animals. Arteriviruses are a type of virus which can infect a wide range of mammals but commonly found in mice, horses, pigs and monkeys. They are known to be host specific, infecting a single animal species (so each arterivirus infects only one host species – in this case, the hedgehog), and are not known to be transmitted by vectors such as fleas and mites. Although most arteriviruses appear to cause subclinical infections (without disease signs) some can cause acute or persistent infections with signs varying from low level and chronic to severe and life threatening. In hedgehogs, it appears that arterivirus can be present without any signs of disease (subclinical). In clinical cases, early indicators of the disease are wobbliness (which can also occur when hedgehogs are dehydrated), breathing difficulties and lethargy. Nervous signs generally occur within three days of appetite loss and can include tremors (shaking), twitching, increased sensitivity to touch and other stimuli, disorientation, and paddling legs after falling to one side. Later signs can include seizures. Hedgehogs showing these signs often will not survive. As the disease appeared to develop after admission to the hospital, all cases were considered to have been hospital-acquired at that time. Strict hygiene, biosecurity, and reduced juvenile admissions eventually brought a halt to the outbreak which resulted in more than 200 deaths. Postmortem investigations showed these hedgehogs to be suffering from encephalitis (swelling of the brain). In a collaborative study, APHA, IZVG, and Garden Wildlife Health investigated whether this virus was the cause of the encephalitis using microscopic and hybridisation techniques. We found that the virus was present in areas of brain with encephalitis, suggesting a link between the virus and the brain inflammation. The virus was also found in other organs such as lung, heart, liver, kidney, testes, and blood vessels, indicating a systemic (across all body systems) infection. Each year, thousands of hedgehogs are brought to wildlife care centres in Great Britain (GB) for treatment and rehabilitation. It is, therefore, important to further investigate the threat of this virus to both wild hedgehogs and those in the care of rescue and rehabilitation centres. We are continuing to research both the occurrence of the virus in wild and rehabilitating hedgehogs and virus genome characteristics. This research will help us to identify viruses’ diversity and the relationships between the viruses found in different animals and locations. Many hedgehogs are cared for in rescue centres every year in the UK Thanks to our collaborators from hedgehog rescue centres, we have so far received the bodies of 143 deceased hedgehogs for HhAV research, 104 of the hedgehogs (73%) tested positive for the HhAV indicating that a large proportion of wild hedgehogs brought into rescue centres harbour this virus. Many of the hedgehogs submitted presented to the rescue centres with disease signs suggestive of HhAV infection at the time of admission, others developed disease signs during their stay or died of unknown illness. So far, we have found HhAV in hedgehogs from rescue centres in nine counties in England. We have also received 27 faecal samples collected from live wild hedgehogs in Yorkshire, thanks to colleagues from APHA National Wildlife Centre. Four of the faeces (14.8%) tested low positive for the HhAV. This finding indicates that there are HhAV carriers amongst the wild population of hedgehogs. We have also detected HhAV in wild free-living hedgehogs with encephalitis, euthanised due to severe neurological signs. Studies are underway to confirm a link between the virus and the encephalitis in these hedgehogs, but this finding supports our suspicion that the disease occurs in wild hedgehogs that have not been admitted to rescue and rehabilitation centres. Since the initial outbreak, we have sequenced the HhAV genome from eight hedgehogs with signs of encephalitis. The viruses’ sequence identity ranges from 76.2% to 100% showing quite a range in genome sequence between individual viruses. These sequence data allowed us to develop a PCR based diagnostic method for disease investigation and our research studies. The data also shows differences between viruses from each geographical region which is in line with hedgehogs' natural social behaviour. Hedgehogs are solitary nocturnal animals that stay in the same location during their lifetime, spending most of their time alone except during the mating season. The results of our work so far have meant that we were able, in collaboration with rescue centres, to compile a document of safety measures to reduce the spread of the virus within the rescue and rehabilitation environment. This should help to mitigate the risk of this virus and other significant and devastating infectious disease outbreaks in future. As with many viral diseases of wildlife, no clinical treatment is currently available for this disease in hedgehogs, and supportive care is often all that can be offered. Our research is aimed to further increase our understanding of this virus, its distribution in the GB hedgehog population and predisposing factors that contribute to neurological disease. We hope to eventually be able to develop robust tests to identify carrier hedgehogs and for diagnosis of disease caused by the virus. Currently, we can only do this for hedgehogs after they have died, but a non-invasive test that could be done on a live hedgehog would be our ultimate aim. This would enable rescue centres to quarantine the most ‘at risk’ individuals on admission to the centre. Hedgehog outside of its natural habitat The ongoing loss of hedgehog natural habitat in rural areas is progressively causing hedgehogs to be displaced into parks and gardens of homes, increasing their direct contact and the potential for transmission of pathogens. This loss of habitat subjects hedgehogs to frequent road accidents, injuries and hospitalisation, increasing the incidence of close exposure to other hedgehogs or other animal species in care facilities. It is not unreasonable to predict therefore, that outbreaks of infectious diseases of hedgehogs, such as those caused by HhAV, and the evolution and potential transmission of these viruses to other animal species will increase over time. Therefore, research and disease investigation studies such as this are essential to monitor hedgehog viral pathogens and their impact on this vulnerable population. ## Further reading Arteriviruses in Hedgehogs - Garden Wildlife Health #### References Dastjerdi A, Inglese N, Partridge T, Karuna S, Everest DJ, Frossard JP, Dagleish MP, Stidworthy MF. Novel Arterivirus Associated with Outbreak of Fatal Encephalitis in European Hedgehogs, England, 2019. _Emerg Infect Dis._ 2021 Feb;27(2):578-581. doi: 10.3201/eid2702.201962. Dastjerdi A, Davies H, Inglese N, Holland S, Samborskiy DV, Gorbalenya AE. Intraspecific variation of the hedgehog arteriviruses, which may constitute a new genus in the subfamily Heroarterivirinae of the family Arteriviridae. _Arch Virol._ 2025 Feb 8;170(3):49. doi: 10.1007/s00705-025-06231-7. Lean FZX, Stidworthy MF, Dastjerdi A, Partridge T, Smith S, Gough J, Núñez A, Lawson B, Seilern-Macpherson K. Colocalization of hedgehog arterivirus 1 (HhAV-1) and histologic lesions in the European hedgehog (_Erinaceus europaeus_) with neurological disease. _Vet Pathol._ 2024 Dec 12:3009858241300553. doi: 10.1177/03009858241300553.

The Yellow-legged Hornet (YLH), also known as the Asian Hornet, is an invasive non-native species which arrived in France in 2004 and subsequently spread throughout Europe before its first detection in the United Kingdom in 2016. From 2016, to 2022 APHA’s National Bee Unit (NBU) dealt with one or two sightings and nest finds each year. But in 2023, the number of nests we found and destroyed increased significantly to 72. This prompted us to include ‘spring queen trapping’ as part of our tactics to support the eradication policy and improve monitoring. YLH share the same life cycle as other Vespa species, like our own native European hornets and wasps. Mated queens emerge from hibernation in spring, feed themselves, build a small initial nest, lay a few eggs, and feed and tend to the larvae. Once these young ‘worker’ YLHs emerge after approximately 30 days, they take on the nest building and feeding duties for the subsequent batches of offspring. This continues throughout the summer, and both the number of hornets and nest sizes rapidly expand. As summer draws to a close, the queen lays eggs that develop into drones (males) and new queens. Before this stage, all hornets in the nest are non-reproductive, but later in the season, they leave, and after mating, the males die. The newly mated queens, of which there can be several hundred, will hibernate close by after being fed a rich diet to see them through this period. They will then emerge in the spring to start the cycle again. Recent research from France has shown that during the course of a season, a single YLH nest can consume over 11 kilograms of insects, including bees, wasps, other pollinators and spiders. This can have a devastating effect on the local biodiversity as the YLH have no natural predators and can expand their territories rapidly year-on-year. Honeybees are a particular favourite prey for YLH, and make up around 40% of their diet. During the nine-week spring trapping campaign in 2024 over 600 traps in high-risk ‘hotspot’ areas were deployed and over 14,000 trap checks were carried out by over 60 inspectors from across the agency. 13 queen YLH hornets were captured in these traps, and a further six reported from members of the public and beekeepers, who were encouraged to participate responsibly near to the hotspot areas. The hotspots were predominantly in the southeast counties of Kent and Sussex, but traps were also placed around nest sites in Yarm (Yorkshire) and Plymouth (Devon). The traps are modified by adding 3.5 - 6 mm holes in the side wall. These holes allow smaller non-target insects to escape. However, our native European hornets are bigger than YLH, so it is essential to check the traps regularly to release these. A trap full of YLH and one European hornet A bespoke Geographic Information System mapping tool is used as an application on mobile devices. It allows placement of the trap locations and their subsequent checking and maintenance to be digitally recorded and submitted in the field. It also allows photos and barcodes to be uploaded along with YLH sample details. All traps are barcoded as they are deployed, and any samples are also barcoded linking individual samples to trap locations. Typically, an inspector would visit, check and maintain approximately 40 per day. Following the 19 queens captured in the spring of 2024, 24 nests were found between July and October. All nests, once the hornets have been killed, are removed and sent for laboratory testing to determine relatedness and viability. DNA analysis of these nests and individual YLHs showed that two nests from 2023 went on to produce a nest within 5km in 2024. This is the first evidence that queens have successfully mated, over wintered and built their own successful nest the following year. Map showing the locations of 2024 spring-caught queens The 2025 spring trapping campaign followed a similar model, operating from mid-April to early June in high-risk hotspots defined after the 2024 nests had been analysed. During this period, six inspectors per day, seven days per week will be deployed to Ashford in Kent to place, check and maintain traps in East Sussex and Kent under our guidance. The 2025 hotspots A YLH nest found in brambles in Coldred, Kent in October 2024, the brambles were cut back to allow destruction and removal Up to and including the 13th May 2025, 13 YLH have been reported. Whilst there is a higher proportion of natural mortality of these overwintering queens in the spring and early summer due to predation, low fat reserves and the effects of cold weather snaps, each queen caught is potentially one less nest to find and destroy in the summer. Spring trapping will finish in early June as this is the time the queens stop flying to forage for the nest as the newly emerged workers takeover. Towards the end of July, sightings of worker YLH will start to be reported via the Asian Hornet watch App through to the Centre of Ecology and Hydrology (CEH). These sightings are triaged and any credible reports with a photograph are sent through to the NBU for investigation. Others that are credible, but without a photo, are sent to the British Beekeepers Association (BBKA) Yellow-legged/Asian Hornet Team Co-ordinators for dissemination to local beekeeper volunteers for investigation. During 2024, nearly 30,000 reports were made via the mobile application. Approximately 70 of these were credible and 24 nests were found because of these reports. Misidentification is a big issue. The name change from Asian hornet to Yellow- legged Hornet, is intended to help to alleviate this, as their yellow legs is a striking feature, along with the dark body and single broad band across the lower abdomen. This picture shows European Hornet on the left, Yellow-legged Hornet on the right ## How can I help? Please report any suspected sightings of Yellow-legged Hornet immediately with a photo via the links below: * Asian Hornet Watch app for iPhone | App Store * Asian Hornet Watch app for android | Google Play * Online recording form | iRecord You can also report a Yellow-legged Hornet sighting by email. An ID sheet is available to help with identification. For more information on other ways you can help prevent the spread of invasive non-native species, and to find out more about Invasive Species Week, visit the GB Non-native Species Secretariat website.

Next week we’ll be at the RHS Chelsea Flower Show calling on gardeners, allotment owners and the general public to look out for the Colorado beetle – a plant pest that poses a major threat to the UK’s food security. The Colorado beetle (_Leptinotarsa decemlineata_) has an insatiable appetite for potato foliage. Within days of appearing, its larvae and adult beetles can strip plants bare, which can have a devastating effect on the production of potato tubers and, consequently, food supply. Over two thirds of potatoes consumed in the UK are grown here, so if the beetle is found, we must act quickly to eradicate it. The beetle was first found in Europe at the end of the nineteenth century, having been accidentally imported from the USA, leading to the destruction of crops. Fortunately, it has not established in the UK, thanks to public and grower vigilance plus regulation which goes back to the Destructive Insects Act of 1877. ## **Working together to keep the beetle at bay** APHA and partners play a vital role in protecting the UK from plant diseases and pests, including the Colorado beetle. The UK’s response plan for Colorado beetle ensures we are well prepared for any potential outbreaks.  In July 2023, following a report from a responsible and vigilant potato grower, our Plant Health and Seeds Inspectors put this plan into action, after identifying the presence of Colorado beetle larvae in the grower’s potato field. This was the first time the pest had been confirmed in a UK potato crop since 1977. The grower’s vigilance and prompt action led to extensive field inspection and pest management, resulting in the swift destruction of the pest. This has been confirmed by extensive surveying of the infected and surrounding area, which continues into 2025. Harvest of potatoes. Credit: Getty Images. ## **Impact on trade and the economy** In 2023, the UK produced over 4.7 million tonnes of potatoes, and our potato industry was valued at £1 billion. An outbreak of Colorado beetle, if not eradicated when detected, would have a significant economic impact on the industry and the wider economy, including export markets. As well as feeding on potato foliage, adult beetles and their larvae feed on other plants in the nightshade family, including tomatoes and woody nightshade. They do not pose a threat to human or animal health. The Colorado beetle remains a high threat to UK agriculture. The pest is now present across large parts of Continental Europe, North America and Central Asia and each year our inspectors respond to several findings, often reported by the public. ## **What do the beetles look like?** The Colorado beetle’s body is yellow or cream with 10 black stripes and it has an orange head with irregular black spots. It is usually between 6 to 11mm in length and 3mm in width. Its larvae are a pinkish red or orange colour, with black spots along each side and a black head and are up to 15mm in length. Although distinctive in appearance, there are several beetles that are frequently mistaken for them, such as the Harlequin ladybird and the Burying beetle. The Colorado potato beetle plant pest factsheet provides more information about the beetle’s life cycle and provides information on how to differentiate it from some of our native beetle species. Adult Colorado beetle (left), Colorado beetle larvae (right) – Photo credit: Fera Science Limited ## **Where to spot them** Farmers, allotmenteers and home gardeners who grow potatoes should look out for the beetles and larvae on their vegetable patches or fields. It is important to remain vigilant, because the beetle can easily fly between allotments, home vegetable patches and commercial plots. The pests have been known to come into the UK as ‘hitchhikers’ on non-host plant material grown and packaged on the continent, such as leafy vegetables, salad leaves, fresh herbs, grain and frozen peas, so do keep an eye out when handling these items. ## **How to report sightings** If you find a Colorado beetle, please do not let it go – capture it in a secure container and report it to APHA as soon as possible. To report a sighting, you can: * call 0300 1000 313 * or email planthealth.info@apha.gov.uk All sightings reported on email should include a photograph and location details. You can find further information in the pest specific plant health response plan and in our previous GOV.UK news story. ## **Spreading the word at the RHS Chelsea Flower Show** If you want to find out more about the Colorado beetle, you can find APHA in the GreenSTEM area of the Great Pavilion at the RHS Chelsea Flower Show from Tuesday 20 May to Saturday 24 May. Our exhibit offers an immersive experience, with practical tips on how to play your part in keeping the pest out of Great Britain to ‘save our spuds’!

12 May is International Day of Plant Health It started in a commercial greenhouse on the edge of South East England. A grower supplying fresh tomatoes to major supermarkets noticed something troubling - the tomatoes looked mottled and discoloured, and the fruits were misshapen. At first, they thought it might be a nutrient issue or a common virus. But tests confirmed their fears: Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) had made it to their crop. Highly contagious and difficult to control, ToBRFV can slash tomato yields by up to 70%. In the United Kingdom (UK), this has led to losses of tens to hundreds of thousands of pounds, and the greenhouse complexes have had to be completely disinfected to prevent further spread. In Florida, a major tomato producing state in the United States (US), the virus is estimated to put at risk an industry with an annual turnover of $262 million, further underscoring the need to prevent introduction and take swift action when found. Meanwhile, in a woodland near Devon, a ranger walked among dead and dying larch trees, many with stem bleeds. They knew what it was before the diagnostic results came back: _Phytophthora ramorum_ - a destructive plant pathogen responsible for ‘Sudden Larch Death’ - was on the move again, silently reshaping landscapes across the UK. In a five-year period (2009-2014) the UK government spent £21 million on managing and slowing the spread of _P. ramorum_ disease. Japanese larch needles with symptoms caused by P. ramorum. (Credit Joan Webber, Forest Research) Two very different environments - a high-tech glasshouse and a commercial forest - yet they illustrate a growing crisis. Across the UK, the introduction of exotic plant pathogens is becoming more common, and these are often not noticed until they spread and start to cause damage, by which time, it is often too late. From wheat rust and potato blight on farms to Dutch elm disease, _Phytophthora_ disease, and ash dieback in forests, the UK is facing a growing plant health crisis. Agriculture, horticulture and the natural environment are under an increasing threat from pests and diseases, driven by a range of accelerating factors: * Climate change is shifting disease patterns, making it easier for pathogens to establish, but making outbreaks harder to predict; * Fungicide and insecticide resistance is increasing, making traditional control methods less effective; * Global plant trade and people movement are introducing new pathogens, some of which have no natural enemies in the UK. ## **Why genomics matters now more than ever** Traditional methods of disease detection rely on visible signs. By the time they are visible, pathogens like ToBRFV and _P. ramorum_ have often already spread. This is where the Genomics of Animal and Plant Disease Consortium (GAP-DC) comes in. Led by APHA, in partnership with key organisations across animal and plant health, scientists in the GAP-DC are pioneering new approaches to help us better understand and monitor invasive pathogens of terrestrial and aquatic animals, plants and ecosystems. GAP-DC is integrating both targeted and wide-ranging genomic techniques to enhance early pathogen detection, rapid response and effective disease control. Genomics can now be used to help track, predict and manage plant diseases in real time. Instead of relying solely on visual inspections or traditional diagnostics, genomic surveillance allows researchers to: * Study the genomes of pathogens to allow us to understand more about pathogen population origins and movement in an outbreak; * Detect pathogens in soil, water and air before symptoms appear; * Map the spread of disease across farms and forests allowing for early interventions; * Understand how resistance develops in pests and pathogens, helping to inform more effective control strategies. Here is what that means in practice: * For ToBRFV, we are working with scientists across Europe using genomics to trace infection pathways across the globe, identifying new variants and informing biosecurity measures; * For _P. ramorum_ , it could allow us to map future pathogen spread across Great Britain, enabling early interventions to reduce spread in vulnerable forests and parks. ## **Looking ahead: a smarter, genomics-driven response** In the near future, genomics, coupled with rapid tests, will allow us early detection and control of ToBRFV outbreaks, helping to limit its spread and reduce both the crop damage and economic losses. For rangers, environmental DNA (eDNA, which is DNA found in environmental samples) monitoring in woodlands could reveal the presence of _P. ramorum_ even before visual signs appear on trees. This would allow forest managers to better target containment zones, reroute public access, or prioritise at-risk areas for intervention. These scenarios are not science fiction - they are exactly the kind of applied outcomes GAP-DC is actively working towards. ## **A future built on prevention, not reaction** Genomic surveillance is not just a tool for scientists – it is a game-changer for policymakers, farmers, foresters and land managers. By integrating this data into national plant health strategies, we can: * Prevent devastating outbreaks before they escalate; * Improve sustainable farming and forestry practices; * Safeguard Britain’s biodiversity for future generations.

Dr. Luis M. Hernández-Triana, Biodiversity Research Team Lead and APHA Vector-Borne Diseases Discipline Lead, tells us more about APHA’s growing work in vector borne diseases (VBDs). > “Climate change is a primary driver of biodiversity loss. And climate changes depend on biodiversity as part of the solution. So clearly the two are interlinked and cannot be separated” (Biodiversity - our strongest natural defence against climate change | United Nations). > > **Elizabeth Mrema** > > Executive Secretary of the United Nation Convention on Biological Diversity Research within APHA can play a key role in documenting vector’s biodiversity in the United Kingdom (UK). APHA is working in collaboration with other institutions on VBDs, which are providing an insight regarding vector populations of selected species, mainly from mosquitoes and ticks. ## **Understanding vector-borne diseases** A vector-borne disease results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods animals by blood-feeding arthropods (known as ‘vectors’), including mosquitoes, ticks and fleas, amongst others. Some examples include West Nile fever, Tick-Borne Encephalitis fever and Rift Valley fever. To better understand the transmission and control of vector borne diseases, it is important that we are able to correctly identify the vector species (known as taxonomy) and draw on sound ecological knowledge. Understanding the species that is critical for pathogen transmission can help us better understand the distribution of disease and apply the appropriate control methods against the target vector species. However, one in five insect species are species complexes. These species are difficult to identify using the arthropod structure alone. We therefore rely on the use of genetic methods of identification. Integrating these methods has been a key task for the Biodiversity Research Team, led by Dr Hernández-Triana within the Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group at APHA. Members of the Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group (VI2), Virology Department, APHA Weybridge, examining ticks and tsetse flies at the newly established Microscopy Suite. From left to right: Dr. Luis M. Hernández-Triana; Dr. Ben Jones; Dr. Calum Bruce The use of microscopes to observe morphological characters for species identification is paramount in day-to-day activities of a researcher. Therefore, a microscopy suite has recently been established within the Virology Department at APHA’s headquarters near Weybridge, with funding from the APHA’s capital equipment budget, and the UK International Biosecurity Programme-Vector Borne Diseases. The new facility houses three digital stereo microscopes and two laptops, together with a compound microscope, all with the ability to capture high-resolution digital images of specimens and the key morphological traits required for species identification. We have used the equipment so far for the identification of tsetse flies and ticks from West Africa (Ghana) and ticks and mosquitoes from the UK. With the aid of the microscopes and morphological keys, combined with DNA sequences, we have been able to distinguish three species of tsetse flies present in Ghana (Glossina palpalis, G. tachinoides and G. morsitans). In addition, this approach has been applied to separate tick species (for example Ixodes canisuga, Ix. hexagonus and Ix. ricinu) found from a range of hosts such as foxes and birds. Dorsolateral image of _Glossina palpalis_ , one of the main vectors of African Animal Trypanosomiasis. Photograph courtesy of Paula Soskin, October 2024 The addition of this facility benefits APHA through: 1. Improved ability to identify the difference between arthropod vector samples, mainly ticks, mosquitoes and other biting flies. The ability to capture digital images means we can store the images without the need to retain all original samples and provide a source of images for research manuscripts, posters and other publications. 2. Creation of pictorial libraries, which will help to further depict target vector species by developing morphological profiles. 3. A resource we can use to improve our teaching of arthropods’ vector morphology to early career researchers and visitors to APHA. 4. Existing and future projects will benefit from having access to high resolution digital microscopes and digital cameras which will enable researchers, students and other stakeholders to obtain coloured, high quality digital images that can be rapidly exchanged over the internet. Dorsal view of _Amblyomma variegatum_ , one of the main vectors of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Photo courtesy of Paula Soskin, October 2024 ## Find out more You may be interested in reading some of our other related blogs and research papers: * Spotlight on APHA’s zoonotic disease research * What is lurking in Britain’s hedgerows? (including the first detection of Usutu virus) * Temperate conditions restrict Japanese encephalitis virus infection to the mid-gut and prevents systemic dissemination in _Culex pipiens_ mosquitoes * Assessment of vector competence of UK mosquitoes for Usutu virus of African origin * Qualitative assessment of the risk that Usutu virus presents to the UK human population * World Zoonoses Day: Tackling the challenge of vector-borne diseases – APHA Science Blog * What is all the buzz about mosquitoes? – APHA Science Blog * Competence of mosquitoes native to the United Kingdom to support replication and transmission of Rift Valley fever virus | Parasites & Vectors (springer.com)

Aled Edwards, Head of England Field Delivery, APHA The Animal and Plant Health Agency could be considered to act as the United Kingdom’s (UK) fourth emergency service – protecting the UK from a huge range of pests, and diseases of animals, plants and bees – and securing farmers’ livelihoods, food security, economic security, animal health and welfare and public health. APHA prevents animal diseases entering or spreading in the UK (including those that can spread from animals to people like bird flu) through a combination of surveillance, diagnostics, research and, above all, rapid response when suspicions of a notifiable disease are reported. APHA teams (including Field, Laboratory, Advice Services, Customer Service Centres, and Central Services) respond to disease reports 365 days a year, 24 hours a day, often in hostile and remote environments, and with little information available. Individuals need to make rapid decisions, under pressure, around next steps to ensure any potential incidence of a new disease outbreak is identified and contained as quickly as possible. These dedicated, passionate and highly skilled people must balance this decision-making with the consequences – get it wrong and the repercussions could have a huge impact on the farming industry, trade and tourism. Which is why erring on the side of caution while further investigations take place to confirm whether disease is present is preferable to taking no action at all and potentially allowing a disease to spread. Clinical signs of disease are not neat and tidy, they vary between species, they vary between stages of infection, they vary between individual animals. Many diseases have similar clinical signs. Simply observing these signs does not give a definitive diagnosis, and so laboratory tests and other evidence is needed to support the ultimate decision of confirmation or giving the all-clear. One such disease, which has a devastating effect on farming, trade and tourism, not to mention animal health and welfare, is foot and mouth disease (FMD). The last localised outbreak in the UK was in 2007, and before that, a national outbreak in 2001 cost the country over £14 billion in monetary terms alone, and took over eight months to eradicate. FMD is one of those diseases that cannot be clinically distinguished from other diseases, such as vesicular stomatitis, vesicular exanthema, and swine vesicular disease so the only way to be certain of a diagnosis is through a laboratory PCR test. The National Reference Laboratory for foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) where tests are carried out is based at The Pirbright Institute. As Head of England Field Delivery, I am responsible for the field team’s response to identifying and quickly containing potential animal disease and undertaking a detailed investigation. APHA staff inspecting a cow To illustrate how quickly our staff are mobilised with the report of a notifiable disease, and in particular one as devastating as FMD, I can reflect on what happened recently when APHA was notified of suspicion of bluetongue virus 3 which has been circulating in England since early autumn 2024. A private vet notified APHA, as they are legally bound to do so, and an official APHA vet went to investigate within a few hours of the report being received. This case became a suspect FMD report case. The first I knew about this is when I received a call while I was walking my dog, I returned home to find my work phone red hot with activity. By the time I had all the relevant information, it was clear our teams had already taken the action they needed to and were in full control of the situation. The premises concerned was put under precautionary restrictions (no movement of animals, people or materials, and to use disinfectants and enhanced levels of biosecurity) while additional samples could be taken late at night and sent to Pirbright for analysis. All this took place late on a Sunday evening. The repercussions of this decision meant a local livestock market, due to take place on Monday morning, had to be stopped until disease could be negated, so communication began late that evening to make sure any impacts were minimised. Inspection of the source farm, and an Animal Health Officer at the market at 5:30am made sure that the market was supported in preventing animals entering. Then we received the initial negative blood result, and while waiting for the full results from the additional samples, teams from across APHA began preparations for any positive results. By the time we had the final negative results, we had sampling teams, valuation suppliers, culling contractors, and disposal solutions poised to roll into action. This was an incredible effort and demonstrates how we stand up when the biosecurity of the UK is under threat. FMDV is highly contagious and spreads rapidly if not contained quickly. So, it is  essential our response is rapid, ensuring we have a grip of the situation in the quickest possible timescales. APHA teams, in particular our vets, are making these decisions day in and day out – thankfully in this case the disease was negated. But without APHA’s ability for rapid response we would be at greater risk of a disease outbreak occurring and spreading rapidly with far reaching consequences. Once we received negative bluetongue and negative FMD results from Pirbright, we were able to inform the keeper, lifting all restrictions. Our staff supported the keeper throughout the process and are acutely aware of the distress and disruption that occurs when suspicion of a notifiable disease occurs at a premises. With two recent cases of FMD in Europe in as many months, the risk of this disease entering the UK is increasing, and APHA needs to make sure it is at the frontline to prevent it from taking hold should it enter. Farmers and the public must play their part too. Farmers by practicing good biosecurity and sourcing animals responsibly, the public by observing rules on bringing meat and other products of animal origin into the UK from countries affected by FMD and other animal diseases such as African swine fever and goat and sheep plague. It is important for farmers to remain vigilant to signs of this disease and notify your private vet or APHA straight away if you are at all concerned – this swift action is vital to stop the spread of devastating animal diseases and protect everyone from the potential consequences ## **Find out more** For more information about foot and mouth disease and clinical signs in cattle, sheep and pigs visit Foot and mouth disease: how to spot and report it - GOV.UK.

24 March is World Tuberculosis Day Nestled on the western edge of the Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty is Woodchester Park, a steep, wooded valley containing a network of pasture, lakes and waterways with a renowned Victorian Gothic mansion at its heart. Most visitors remain unaware that this Site of Special Scientific Interest is home to two long-running mammal studies: one focuses on the famous greater horseshoe bats, which began in 1959, while the other, the subject of this blog, centres on badgers and tuberculosis, a study that started in 1976. In 1971, a Gloucestershire based dairy farmer found a badger that was infected with _Mycobacterium bovis_ – the bacterium that causes bovine tuberculosis and that currently costs UK taxpayers around £150 million a year _._ This set off a chain of events that led to the commissioning of what was meant to be a short project to investigate the significance of tuberculosis in a wild badger population. The first badger in our database was a deceased adult male (a road traffic collision victim) which was diagnosed with tuberculosis by _post-mortem_ examination on 13 December 1975. Following this discovery, the study site was founded to monitor the nearby badger population in Woodchester Park. The project was directed by an ecologist, Dr. Chris Cheeseman, and under his tenure it evolved into a research hub for pioneering innovative approaches to better understand how badger behaviour influences disease dynamics. Badger, image taken by Sian Powell So far, the researchers at Woodchester have had the privilege of getting to know nearly 3,200 badgers. Some of these individuals have been monitored for their entire lives, which is up to 14 years in this population (though typically less). The badgers have, for the most part, lived in relatively stable social groups and occupied distinct territories which have been mapped annually. This has shown that despite a high level of stability, some groups do merge or split over time, and some individuals move between groups. These changes are particularly interesting as they provide opportunities for the spread of infection amongst social groups. In recent years, we have been able to use radio-collars with GPS capability to monitor the movement of individuals, allowing us to track when and where they go. The collars also include proximity loggers which can tell us when two collared animals come into close contact. This data will be used to build social networks which may reveal how disease can spread through the population and provide insights into how to control it. ## **Advances in diagnostics** As well as advances in our understanding of badger behaviour and ecology, our diagnostic capabilities have improved dramatically over the decades. _M. bovis_ is a very slow growing bacterium, and so the culture of samples takes weeks to yield results. Culture has other limitations: it relies on obtaining a sample when the animal is shedding bacteria, contamination can occur from other faster growing micro-organisms, and the mycobacteria in the sample need to be in an active/replicating state. Therefore, the study has benefited from the addition of a range of other complimentary tests, the first of which was an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies produced in response to infection. This significantly increased test sensitivity beyond that which bacterial culture alone could achieve. Since then, research in diagnostics has progressed resulting in the development of two further antibody detection assays (StatPak and DPP), and an interferon gamma release assay (IGRA). By 2024 we were routinely using three different assays to determine disease status and progression: culture for the isolation of live bacteria, the IGRA, and the DPP assay, while also evaluating the field performance of a new antibody-based test – the IDEXX. In addition, we are now able to routinely subject any isolated bacteria to whole genome sequencing which allows us to infer transmission amongst our badgers and the local cattle. Using samples from our study area and this important epidemiological tool, conclusively demonstrated that infection can be transmitted in both directions between badgers and cattle. Evolution of diagnostic tests for tuberculosis in live badgers ## **The ongoing journey** Our database now includes over 16,000 data points—and that does not even scratch the surface of the additional research being conducted. From genetic studies on the bacteria and badgers to explore transmission, health, and relatedness, to radio collaring, camera trapping, and social network analysis to uncover the behaviours driving these dynamics, our research continues to expand in scope and impact. Forty plus years after the project was meant to end, the insights gained from this interdisciplinary team continue to inform disease control options and advance our knowledge of badger ecology and TB dynamics. Whether through improving biosecurity strategies, developing and validating diagnostic assays, establishing successful and safe vaccination programmes, or understanding how disease naturally fluctuates within a wild animal population, the Woodchester Park study has had real-world impact. As we approach our 50th anniversary in 2026, we look forward to celebrating the wealth of science produced over the past five decades, the policy and practical outputs we have helped to shape… and of course, all the exciting new discoveries and partnerships yet to come.