7/7
These axes aren't intended to be a checklist but to define a somewhat coherent space, and act more as a litmus test for an artifact's claim to human authenticity by asking "what signals are hard to counterfeit not because of technical impossibility, but due to prohibitive effort?"

6/7
Verifiable stakes
An LLM risks nothing. This axis involves signals that are costly because they put the author's reputation/intellectual position on the line. Key signals are making specific, dated, and falsifiable predictions. Or creating an "IRL Bridge" by linking text to a verifiable event.

5/7
Physical grounding
LLMs are disembodied (for now) and signals on this axis ground the intellectual work in the tangible world. This can be a tangible artifact or a "field trip" report with unique, sensory observations from a physical site that are commensurate with the experiences of others.

4/7
High-latency & cross-domain synthesis
Contrasting the fast, local recombination of LLMs with the slow/surprising synthesis of deliberate human thought. Signals include "unreasonable and novel" analogies, that is connections requiring genuine expertise in two disparate domains.

3/7
Processual transparency
LLMs generate a finished artifact, humans reveal the journey. This signal exposes the typically hidden labor of cognition. Includes artifacts like photos of whiteboard drafts, intermediate "failed" code or causal thought relationships through an annotated bibliography.

2/7
Temporal depth
An LLM has a dataset, not a biography. This vulnerability allows for signals grounded in a specific, non-fungible personal past. For instance, a specific anecdotal anchor can tie a concept to a dated, multi-sensory and verifiable event.

My RAND paper showed a temporary funding cut would have long-lasting effects on overall research output through its adverse impact on investment in young PIs.

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