collaboration and cross-border investment within a rapidly urbanizing African context, raising the question as to whether this will become a growing trend in coming years as more new city projects emerge within the continent.

and has appealed primarily to investors in the East African region. Interestingly, this differs significantly from many new city projects, which are often funded using international investment flowing in from outside of Africa. Kasangulu Smart City serves as an example of how new cities can bolster

will also reach international scales through a collaborative partnership with China.

and educational facilities. Although developers have stated that they will incorporate renewable energy sources into the city, Kaoko Fria Smart City will be situated within Skeleton Coast National Park, which raises concerns about the environmental impacts of the development. Notably, this project

powered by green energy and infrastructure. Aiming to follow Dubai's model of success, the "smart city" has ambitious plans to become the next tourism and business hub in Africa. This project checks all the classic boxes of smart city development, emphasizing economic growth as its top priority.

of centralization, as well as the creation of new employment opportunities (especially for women), and the provision of better services, will outweigh this cost in the long run.

the same area, eliminating citizens' need to travel between parts of the city to access different government facilities. Although the construction will cost Tanzania around $4.8 billion, urban planners and government officials involved in the project have expressed their optimism that the benefits

elites. While new city projects do have the possibility of bringing investment to developing countries, in this case it is unlikely that the majority of Kenya's population will see any of these benefits.

opportunities. However, it must be stressed that these successes hinge on the strict penalties and surveillance measures in the city. Although many have praised Tatu City as a beacon of modernity, the high cost of living and exclusive nature of the city means that it is only accessible to wealthy

that Kilamba New City has improved living conditions for many people, as well as increasing employment and access to public amenities such as schools, water, and power supply.

in Angola. Although it is not unusual to see international investors playing a role in new city projects across the developing world, it is interesting that China has taken such an avid interest in Angola. Nevertheless, residents are content with the services provided by the development, stating

of the past with forward-looking, smart-city technologies. Uzbekistan has introduced a special development fund of $250 million to support the construction of spiritual and tourism centres. Babur will also include a monument to the emperor, highlighting the city's role as a major cultural symbol.

Officials have emphasized that Westown will bring massive investment to South Africa's easternmost province, and serve as a one-stop-shop providing jobs, living spaces, and entertainment to residents. It also plans to use smart technology for utilities, waste collection, and water management.

nature of the project is, due to the complexity of merging many universities. Others have also critiqued the project as unnecessary, as nearby Yerevan already plays the role of a major educational centre.

unprecedented size for the country. In addition to university campuses, the city will also include parks, an amphitheatre, and a new national stadium. Although most of the universities involved in the project have not raised objections, many people have stressed concerns over how realistic the

scale, as well as the safety of testing these products on the population. The idea of a city steeped in innovation sounds intriguing, but it does raise some concern about the ethics of using residents as test subjects for experimental technology.