Andrea Gokus
@agokus.bsky.social
McDonnell PostDoc Fellow at WashU in Saint Louis, working on active galactic nuclei.
Enthusiastic about music 🎶 , space 🚀, dogs🐕 and saving planet Earth 🌎.
Enthusiastic about music 🎶 , space 🚀, dogs🐕 and saving planet Earth 🌎.
As Markus already said, because the meeting is hybrid - people participate online or in person - printouts don't work for poster sessions as usual. Sustainability is one of the main pillars of this IAU meeting, which is why a lot of effort was spent on the virtual access to the meeting.
August 14, 2024 at 3:15 AM
As Markus already said, because the meeting is hybrid - people participate online or in person - printouts don't work for poster sessions as usual. Sustainability is one of the main pillars of this IAU meeting, which is why a lot of effort was spent on the virtual access to the meeting.
For more details, check out the paper, published under open access in PNAS Nexus (doi.org/10.1093/pnas...). We hope that our article encourages more conversation about the meeting culture in academia and are very interested in constructive discussion 💚
Astronomy’s climate emissions: Global travel to scientific meetings in 2019
Abstract. Travel to academic conferences—where international flights are the norm—is responsible for a sizeable fraction of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissi
doi.org
April 30, 2024 at 2:18 PM
For more details, check out the paper, published under open access in PNAS Nexus (doi.org/10.1093/pnas...). We hope that our article encourages more conversation about the meeting culture in academia and are very interested in constructive discussion 💚
To assess the emissions for all meetings, we used the Travel Carbon footprint calculator programmed by Didier Barret (travel-footprint-calculator.irap.omp.eu), which can also be used to find an emission-minimized meeting location.
April 30, 2024 at 2:17 PM
To assess the emissions for all meetings, we used the Travel Carbon footprint calculator programmed by Didier Barret (travel-footprint-calculator.irap.omp.eu), which can also be used to find an emission-minimized meeting location.
One important aspect, however: In order to create more sustainable and more inclusive meetings, it is necessary that our community works together to reach this goal and that we don’t let perfectionism be the enemy of progress!
April 30, 2024 at 2:16 PM
One important aspect, however: In order to create more sustainable and more inclusive meetings, it is necessary that our community works together to reach this goal and that we don’t let perfectionism be the enemy of progress!
Because networking is one key element at meetings, opportunities and space must be created for people to network naturally – passively listening to talks online is not the same as engaging in lively discussions.
April 30, 2024 at 2:16 PM
Because networking is one key element at meetings, opportunities and space must be created for people to network naturally – passively listening to talks online is not the same as engaging in lively discussions.
What do we conclude from this?
Making meetings more sustainable can make them also more inclusive, because if we make meetings at least hybrid, or even fully virtual, many barriers fall away. However, virtual attendees must not be treated as second class participants!
Making meetings more sustainable can make them also more inclusive, because if we make meetings at least hybrid, or even fully virtual, many barriers fall away. However, virtual attendees must not be treated as second class participants!
April 30, 2024 at 2:16 PM
What do we conclude from this?
Making meetings more sustainable can make them also more inclusive, because if we make meetings at least hybrid, or even fully virtual, many barriers fall away. However, virtual attendees must not be treated as second class participants!
Making meetings more sustainable can make them also more inclusive, because if we make meetings at least hybrid, or even fully virtual, many barriers fall away. However, virtual attendees must not be treated as second class participants!
But more importantly, who does not get to travel much, or at all?
→ Scientists at less wealthy institutes or in less wealthy countries; those having to deal with lengthy/complicated visa processes; those with care-taking responsibilities; and those with disabilities.
→ Scientists at less wealthy institutes or in less wealthy countries; those having to deal with lengthy/complicated visa processes; those with care-taking responsibilities; and those with disabilities.
April 30, 2024 at 2:16 PM
But more importantly, who does not get to travel much, or at all?
→ Scientists at less wealthy institutes or in less wealthy countries; those having to deal with lengthy/complicated visa processes; those with care-taking responsibilities; and those with disabilities.
→ Scientists at less wealthy institutes or in less wealthy countries; those having to deal with lengthy/complicated visa processes; those with care-taking responsibilities; and those with disabilities.
Most astronomy meetings are ≤ 100 attendees in size, but depending on the meeting venue, average emissions can be very high if most people have to fly medium to long distance. For large meetings, average emissions scatter around the average value of 1t CO2e per person.
April 30, 2024 at 2:16 PM
Most astronomy meetings are ≤ 100 attendees in size, but depending on the meeting venue, average emissions can be very high if most people have to fly medium to long distance. For large meetings, average emissions scatter around the average value of 1t CO2e per person.
Not a big surprise, but the higher the amount of local (< 100 km from venue) participation, the smaller the average emissions. However, even meetings with few local attendees can have travel emissions below the average.
April 30, 2024 at 2:14 PM
Not a big surprise, but the higher the amount of local (< 100 km from venue) participation, the smaller the average emissions. However, even meetings with few local attendees can have travel emissions below the average.
The distributions of the average CO2-equivalent emissions/person/meeting, here split for conferences and schools (since they pursue different goals for participation), show how widespread travel-related emissions are, depending on the meeting.
April 30, 2024 at 2:14 PM
The distributions of the average CO2-equivalent emissions/person/meeting, here split for conferences and schools (since they pursue different goals for participation), show how widespread travel-related emissions are, depending on the meeting.
#Astronomy is a very internationally collaborative field, but as can be seen from the map, the majority of meetings tend to take place in Europe and North America. Meetings in remote places cause more flights → more emissions.
Our estimation is at least 42,500 tCO2e in total.
Our estimation is at least 42,500 tCO2e in total.
April 30, 2024 at 2:13 PM
#Astronomy is a very internationally collaborative field, but as can be seen from the map, the majority of meetings tend to take place in Europe and North America. Meetings in remote places cause more flights → more emissions.
Our estimation is at least 42,500 tCO2e in total.
Our estimation is at least 42,500 tCO2e in total.
I am very proud that the paper is finally published and that I contribute a small puzzle piece to increase our knowledge about blazars, and Mrk 421 in particular, which has been studied by so many people before me!
April 2, 2024 at 10:28 PM
I am very proud that the paper is finally published and that I contribute a small puzzle piece to increase our knowledge about blazars, and Mrk 421 in particular, which has been studied by so many people before me!
Several models exist to explain blazar flares & rapid variability during such; based on our X-ray data we find the most plausible one for this flare to be a scenario where plasmoids undergo magnetic reconnection in a spine layer embedded in the jet (Petropoulou+16, Christie+19).
April 2, 2024 at 10:28 PM
Several models exist to explain blazar flares & rapid variability during such; based on our X-ray data we find the most plausible one for this flare to be a scenario where plasmoids undergo magnetic reconnection in a spine layer embedded in the jet (Petropoulou+16, Christie+19).
These time scale can be translated to the size of the region where the X-rays are emitted. The rapid variability indicates processes occurring in a very compact region in the jet, while the steady increase hints at the flare being produced at ~ 1 pc from the central engine.
April 2, 2024 at 10:28 PM
These time scale can be translated to the size of the region where the X-rays are emitted. The rapid variability indicates processes occurring in a very compact region in the jet, while the steady increase hints at the flare being produced at ~ 1 pc from the central engine.
Using the Timing mode data taken by XMM-Newton, I created a PSD capable of tracing the shortest variability time scales. Most of the PSD is dominated by Poisson noise (as expected), but we also detect variability as short as 1000s, while the overall flux increase took ~16 hours.
April 2, 2024 at 10:27 PM
Using the Timing mode data taken by XMM-Newton, I created a PSD capable of tracing the shortest variability time scales. Most of the PSD is dominated by Poisson noise (as expected), but we also detect variability as short as 1000s, while the overall flux increase took ~16 hours.
With Mrk 421 being so bright in the X-rays, I was able to look at time-resolved spectra and analyse how they change during the flare. The blazar shows a 'harder-when-brighter' behaviour and a loop in the hysteresis curve indicates that particle cooling dominates the emission.
April 2, 2024 at 10:27 PM
With Mrk 421 being so bright in the X-rays, I was able to look at time-resolved spectra and analyse how they change during the flare. The blazar shows a 'harder-when-brighter' behaviour and a loop in the hysteresis curve indicates that particle cooling dominates the emission.
While the gamma-ray flare was not too exceptional (barely reaching 2 Crab Units overall - Mrk 421 has shown gamma-ray flares with the flux being larger than 3 Crab Units), the X-ray flux of Mrk 421 increased immensely within a day, which we were able to track with XMM-Newton.
April 2, 2024 at 10:26 PM
While the gamma-ray flare was not too exceptional (barely reaching 2 Crab Units overall - Mrk 421 has shown gamma-ray flares with the flux being larger than 3 Crab Units), the X-ray flux of Mrk 421 increased immensely within a day, which we were able to track with XMM-Newton.
The multi-wavelength campaign is described in detail in an earlier proceedings publication (pos.sissa.it/395/869). In the publication that just came out only the X-ray data from XMM-Newton are discussed as they yielded the most interesting insights into the jet physics.
April 2, 2024 at 10:26 PM
The multi-wavelength campaign is described in detail in an earlier proceedings publication (pos.sissa.it/395/869). In the publication that just came out only the X-ray data from XMM-Newton are discussed as they yielded the most interesting insights into the jet physics.
The FACT collaboration monitors bright blazars at TeV energies and alerts the astro community whenever they see a gamma-ray flare. Together, we set up a campaign involving several telescopes covering different wavelengths of the spectrum - and then had to wait for a bright flare.
April 2, 2024 at 10:25 PM
The FACT collaboration monitors bright blazars at TeV energies and alerts the astro community whenever they see a gamma-ray flare. Together, we set up a campaign involving several telescopes covering different wavelengths of the spectrum - and then had to wait for a bright flare.
While this wasn't the 1st time Mrk 421 showed such a bright X-ray flux, it's the brightest state that we have ever been able to study the source with XMM-Newton, with which we looked at the blazar continuously for more than one day. This observation wasn't chance-coincidence, though!
April 2, 2024 at 10:25 PM
While this wasn't the 1st time Mrk 421 showed such a bright X-ray flux, it's the brightest state that we have ever been able to study the source with XMM-Newton, with which we looked at the blazar continuously for more than one day. This observation wasn't chance-coincidence, though!
... that allowed us to probe the compact regions of the jet.
To emphasize how extraordinarily bright this X-ray flare was: for a few hours, Mrk 421 was as bright as Galactic X-ray binaries (e.g., Cyg X-1), while being more than 400 million light years away from us! 🤯
To emphasize how extraordinarily bright this X-ray flare was: for a few hours, Mrk 421 was as bright as Galactic X-ray binaries (e.g., Cyg X-1), while being more than 400 million light years away from us! 🤯
April 2, 2024 at 10:25 PM
... that allowed us to probe the compact regions of the jet.
To emphasize how extraordinarily bright this X-ray flare was: for a few hours, Mrk 421 was as bright as Galactic X-ray binaries (e.g., Cyg X-1), while being more than 400 million light years away from us! 🤯
To emphasize how extraordinarily bright this X-ray flare was: for a few hours, Mrk 421 was as bright as Galactic X-ray binaries (e.g., Cyg X-1), while being more than 400 million light years away from us! 🤯