Mark Graham
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geoplace.bsky.social
Mark Graham
@geoplace.bsky.social

Professor at the Oxford Internet Institute

Director of @towardsfairwork.bsky.social

Publications: www.markgraham.space

Studies: Digital Economies, Digital Geographies, Economic Geography, Gig Economy, Data Work, AI Production Networks, Cities .. more

Business 23%
Political science 15%
KI klingt nach Zukunft – aber sie lebt von menschlicher, unsichtbarer Arbeit. Ich habe für @freitag.de mit @geoplace.bsky.social über sein Buch „Feeding the Machine“ gesprochen – und darüber, was KI wirklich kostet. Leseempfehlung für alle, die hinter die Kulissen der "KI-Unternehmen" schauen wollen
„Die Arbeitsbedingungen sind brutal“: Über die geheimen Malocher hinter ChatGPT
Hinter jedem KI-Bild steckt Handarbeit: Menschen in Kenia, Indien oder auf den Philippinen schuften stundenlang für Hungerlöhne, um Maschinen klüger zu machen. Im Gespräch enthüllt Mark Graham die uns...
www.freitag.de

I’ve got a new chapter out with Adam Badger, Alessio Bertolini, Fabian Ferrari & Funda Ustek Spilda in the forthcoming Handbook of Labour Geography. In it, we unpack the Fairwork action-research method.

Read: www.elgaronline.com/edcollchap/b...
www.elgaronline.com

Reposted by Mark Graham

We see only the polished face of AI- but behind it lies a web of people, data & decisions shaping who gains & who’s left behind. Join @geoplace.bsky.social @towardsfairwork.bsky.social @oii.ox.ac.uk to explore fairer AI
📅 29 Oct 📍Museum of Oxford 🔗 www.socsci.ox.ac.uk/unveiling-th... #ESRCFestival
Unveiling the human behind AI: A Rubik's cube journey to Fair Work
29 October, late morning - 4pm, Museum of Oxford
www.socsci.ox.ac.uk

Friends and colleagues in Oxford, join us for this event at the end of the month.

festivalofsocialscience.com/events/unvei...

Reposted by Mark Graham

📢Book your free spot at our first seminar of term!
Join Prof Mark Graham @oii.ox.ac.uk for: “The hidden human labour powering AI: Introducing the Fairwork Action Research Project”
🗓16 October 4pm
📍In-person & online
Register now: talks.ox.ac.uk/talks/id/760...
@geoplace.bsky.social

Organizers:
Mark Graham (Oxford Internet Institute, Univ. of Oxford)
Uma Rani (International Labour Organization)

We welcome interdisciplinary work from all career stages.
#AAG2026 #AI #TechJustice #GlobalProductionNetworks #Labor #ClimateJustice #DigitalColonialism

Submission details:
• Abstract (≤250 words)
• Short bio (≤100 words)
• Deadline: Oct 14
• Send to mark.graham@oii.ox.ac.uk and amara@ilo.org
Subject line: AAG 2026 AI Production Networks Session

Guiding questions include:
• Where are the critical nodes and chokepoints?
• How can transparency reveal hidden flows of minerals, capital, data, labor?
• Which policy levers reshape incentives?
• Where do labor & community struggles gain traction?
• How can design choices reduce harm?

This session explores how value and profit concentrate in the Global North while environmental harms, precarious labor, and extractive practices fall elsewhere.

We want papers that map these geographies of harm and identify leverage points for change.
Call for Papers: Locating Power & Resistance in Global AI Production Networks

AAG 2026 Annual Meeting

AI is not just “in the cloud.” It relies on global supply chains, with power concentrated in a few countries and corporations.

fair.work/en/fw/blog/c...

#AAG2026
Call for Papers: Locating Power and Resistance Within Global AI Production Networks
American Association of Geographers (AAG) 2026 Annual Meeting
fair.work

The cube is not just a puzzle. It is a lens that reveals both what AI shows and what it conceals.

This piece was made with brilliant designers John Philip Sage and Carlos Romo-Melgar.

We’ll be exhibiting it (and giving many away) at the ESRC Festival of Social Sciences in Oxford on 29 Oct.

Across every side, glass-like insect forms creep. Not natural but synthetic hybrids, they act as metaphors for the hidden systems that power AI. Like insects in an ecosystem, they expose dependencies we rarely notice.

AI Products: You use it. It uses you.
Invisible Labour: Invisible labour, indispensable skill.
Data Assets: Extraction fuels machine learning.
Footprint: Digital demand, ecological debt.
Capital and Ownership: Cash walls. Closed doors.
Rules and Voids: Governance gaps widen risks.

AI often looks smooth and solved, like a Rubik’s cube. But turn it in your hands and each side reveals something hidden.

Reposted by Mark Graham

"[We need to] understand that when we use these products and services, we're not just interacting with a machine. We're interacting with many, many real people of flesh and blood, who often work under terrible conditions." - Prof. Mark Graham @geoplace.bsky.social

globalnyt.dk/professor-ka...
Professor kalder dem for digitale sweatshops: Techgiganternes usynlige arbejdskraft holder internettet sikkert | Globalnyt
Mark Graham husker dengang for godt 16 år siden, da fiberkabler blev gravet ned på tværs af Østafrika og forbandt regionen med resten af verden på en helt n ...
globalnyt.dk

The new @oecd-ocde.bsky.social Fairwork AI Ratings report shows who powers AI and how Humans in the Loop earned a 6/10 score after 14 policy changes.

@towardsfairwork.bsky.social now offers certification so buyers can demand higher standards across AI supply chains.

wp.oecd.ai/app/uploads/...
wp.oecd.ai

This paper is a call to action for the academic community to lead by example, fostering a more just and responsible AI ecosystem. I invite you to read the full paper and join the conversation.

Find it here: www.frontiersin.org/journals/com...
Frontiers | Reflection AI: feeding the machine - the hidden labour behind AI tools and ethical implications for higher education
As university instructors integrate AI tools, such as large language models (LLMs) into their pedagogy, they must grapple with the ethical and practical impl...
www.frontiersin.org

Our research calls upon higher education instructors and students to become active advocates for improved working conditions across the entire AI supply chain. This is a collective responsibility.

We strongly advocate for the adoption of the Fairwork scoring system as a robust framework to guide ethical engagement with AI technologies within academic institutions.

The seamless integration of AI in higher education relies heavily on a significant, yet largely invisible, workforce. We emphasise the importance of recognising and valuing their contributions.

AI is not autonomous. It depends on invisible labour: data annotators, content moderators, voice workers, data centre techs. Often underpaid, emotionally strained, and hidden from view.

New article out in Frontiers in Communication by me, @jonasvalente.bsky.social & @oguzalyanak.bsky.social:
"Reflection AI: Feeding the Machine – The Hidden Labour Behind AI Tools and Ethical Implications for Higher Education"
It confronts the human cost behind the AI systems now flooding education.

Reposted by Mark Graham

Interesting piece by @economist.com discussing how outsourcing could revolutionize Africa’s economy, with expert commentary from @geoplace.bsky.social @towardsfairwork.bsky.social @oii.ox.ac.uk on implications for Africa's workers. More here: www.economist.com/middle-east-... #outsourcing #Africa
Call centres could be a gold mine for Africa
Forget factories. There is a better answer to the continent’s jobs crisis
www.economist.com

Check out our new paper in the Industrial Law Journal: Fair Work for Platform Workers: Lessons from the EU Directive and Beyond

Reposted by Mark Graham

Lead author: Sandra Fredman, Co-authors: @Darcy Du Toit, Alessio Bertolini, @jonasvalente.bsky.social and @geoplace.bsky.social. Find out more about the Fair Digital Economies research project at the @oii.ox.ac.uk: bit.ly/3TihU28 .
OII | Fair Digital Economies
Investigating and addressing the systemic inequities embedded in digitally mediated labour and economic systems.
bit.ly

Reposted by Mark Graham

New paper alert! Latest work from @towardsfairwork.bsky.social researchers analyses the implications of the Platform Work Directive and suggests ways forward for the proposed ILO Convention. Read their paper: bit.ly/4nGs5LY 1/2
Fair Work for Platform Workers: Lessons from the EU Directive and Beyond
The adoption of an EU Directive on Platform Work in March 2024 signals a crucial acknowledgement of the need for legal regulation of a burgeoning form of w
bit.ly

I appeared on ARD's programme “Titel Thesen Temperamente,” talking about the data workers behind AI.

Catch the segment here 👉 www.ardmediathek.de/video/Y3JpZD...
ttt – titel, thesen, temperamente: Wie Datenarbeiter für KI ausgebeutet werden - hier anschauen
Hinter KI liegt ein System globaler Ungleichheit. Das zeigt das neue Buch 'Feeding the Machine' von Mark Graham et al. Auch Klickarbeiter:innen, die 'ttt' während einer investigativen Recherche traf, ...
www.ardmediathek.de
AI Value Chains: from Exploitation to Organizing -- with @geoplace.bsky.social, ‪@martinkrz.bsky.social, and Uma Rani Amara - Featured panel @sasemeeting.bsky.social

08:30-10:00 Friday, 11 July, 2025 - Room 517C

virtual.oxfordabstracts.com/event/37937/...

The German version of our book is now out, and is getting some pretty good reviews in the German press. Here's a few of them:

www.faz.net/aktuell/feui...

www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/ki-feeding-t...
Our article "Beyond the ‘Gig Economy’: Towards Variable Experiences of Job Quality in Platform Work" has been published by 'Work, Employment and Society'. With Nick Martindale and @brendanburchell.bsky.social

doi.org/10.1177/0950...