The top court in Azerbaijan has confirmed the sentence for Aziz Orucov, who leads the online TV station Kanal 13. On November 13, Judge Ilkin Rajabov led a session where the court turned down an appeal from Orucov’s lawyers. This keeps the original court decision in place, coming just before Orucov finishes his two-year sentence. Orucov was first arrested on November 27, 2023, accused of building illegally on some property (Article 188.2). He was also accused of smuggling (Article 206.3.2), but that charge was later dropped. On February 26, 2024, the Sabail District Court, with Judge Gunel Samadova presiding, gave him a two-year jail term for the illegal building charge. Orucov says he’s not guilty and believes he’s in jail because his journalism has been critical of the government. He asked to be let out of jail early on September 25, but the Surakhani District Court said no. The prison even said he was a good candidate for release, and he needs ongoing treatment for a nerve issue. However, the Ministry of Justice was against his release, and the court listened to them. Orucov’s situation is part of a bigger pattern of the government cracking down on independent news sources in Azerbaijan. Since November 2023, around 30 people who work for news outlets like AbzasMedia, Kanal 13, and ToplumTV have been arrested, mostly on charges of smuggling. Human rights groups say there are over 390 political prisoners in the country, but the government disagrees, saying everyone was arrested for actual crimes.

Aliya Ozdamirova, a 33-year-old Chechen woman, was possibly killed in an honor crime after she was “deceived or forcibly removed” from Georgia to Chechnya, North Caucasus (NC) SOS, a human rights group, reported on November 13. According to the organization, which is assisting the LGBTQ+ people who are facing threats in Russia’s North Caucasus, the funeral of Ozdamirova, “who fled Chechnya due to threats,” took place on November 12. The group said Ozdamirova fled after relatives, including her cousins and brother, allegedly learned about her sexual orientation. “She claimed that certain people, including her cousins, had learned about her sexual orientation and that the threat came from them and her brother. Aliya left for Istanbul, from where she traveled to Georgia,” the group said. NC SOS, however, noted that “It is unclear whether her forced return and possible murder were related to her sexual orientation or to her family’s dissatisfaction with her business problems.” According to the group, Ozdamirova’s brothers beat her “because her business partners owed money to investors and accused Aliya of stealing it,” but “Aliya did not have this money” at the time of her escape. According to the group, Ozdamirova was possibly lured into a trap by her “lawyer friend” and an uncle from Baku, who convinced her that “a criminal case had allegedly been opened against her for ‘financing terrorism’ and that she would now be unable to leave Georgia.” The uncle reportedly promised to resolve problems at the border, delaying Ozdamirova’s departure to a safer country against warnings from human rights activists who were assisting her. “According to our information, Aliya crossed the Georgian-Russian border on November 9. Rumors spread the following day that she had died,” NC SOS said, adding that the report was confirmed on November 12, when the funeral took place. “Friends and acquaintances of the girl, as well as human rights activists from SK SOS, believe that Aliya was the victim of an ‘honor killing’,” the group noted. Also Read: * 13/11/2025 – ‘Too Late’: Khangoshvili Family Case Highlights Shift in German Deportation Policy * 18/07/2023 – Belgium Removes Georgia From the List of Safe Countries of Origin * 10/01/2023 – Court Finds Four Guilty of 2014 Honor Crime * 20/09/2019 – Georgia Extradites Terror Suspect to Russia, Triggering Criticism

OSCE’s Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) has called for the repeal of Georgia’s new stricter protest laws in its November 12 urgent opinion, warning that the amendments, fast-tracked in October, “raise serious concerns about Georgia’s lack of compliance with international human rights obligations.” In the 43-page assessment, requested by Georgia’s Public Defender, the watchdog notes that the new rules that introduce administrative detention and eventual criminal sentences for several protest-related violations “directly contradict international standards that require sanctions to be necessary, proportionate, and non-discriminatory.” By removing less severe alternatives for non-violent actions, the amendments “undermine the principle of proportionality,” the opinion says, adding that such practice is “punitive to an excessive degree.” “This, compounded by the absence of effective remedies to challenge such detentions, exacerbates the potential for abuse and the risk of arbitrary deprivation of liberty violating Article 9 of the ICCPR and Article 5 of the ECHR,” the opinion states. The document stresses that detention for assembly-related offenses “should be used only if there is a pressing need to prevent the commission of serious criminal offences and where an arrest is absolutely necessary (e.g., due to violent behaviour).” OSCE/ODIHR also criticizes the amendment that introduces a 5,000 GEL (USD 1,800) fine for pregnant women, women with children under 12, minors, or persons with severe or significant disabilities who commit administrative offenses, calling the measure “clearly disproportionate” and urging that it “should be reconsidered entirely.” According to the opinion, the amendments – including penalties for wearing a mask, peacefully participating in assemblies deemed “unlawful” or obstructing roadways – effectively make imprisonment the default sanction, “de facto resulting into disproportionate criminal penalties for the mere exercise of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly, including when guaranteed by the norms of international law.” “Thus, imposition of criminal penalties in response to a conduct, which may be legitimate and lawful under the international law, would result in arbitrary deprivation of liberty in violation of Article 9 of the ICCPR and Article 5 of the ECHR,” it adds. The document further argues that disproportionate penalties over protest-related offenses, “may deter the organization and participation in such events and chill the exercise of the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and freedom of expression.” The opinion flags the introduction of criminal penalties of up to one year in prison for children (under 18 years of age) for repeated violations of the amended administrative provisions, saying this “contravenes international obligations, which require that deprivation of liberty be used for children only as a measure of last resort, and call upon States to adopt non-custodial alternatives to detention as the default response to criminal offences allegedly committed by minors.” The document also addresses the amendment criminalizing verbal insults against law enforcement and other officials, now punishable by up to two years’ imprisonment for repeated offenses, warning that “such vague and broad terminology,” which may lead to subjective interpretation, fails to meet the “standards of legality, clarity, and foreseeability.” “It risks erroneous, overbroad, arbitrary and/or targeted enforcement against legitimate criticism of public officials, thereby undermining freedom of expression and further amplifying the chilling effect on civic activism,” the document argues. Referencing its March 2025 Urgent Opinion, the organization reiterates that the “vague and broad wording” of certain assembly-related offenses makes them vulnerable to misuse against individuals expressing dissenting views, including human rights defenders, activists, and journalists. It argues that the cumulative effect of the expanded legal framework raises serious concerns that the October 2025 amendments “may be used for purposes beyond those permitted under the ECHR, in violation of Article 18 of the ECHR, in particular.” “Overall, the October 2025 Amendments raise serious concerns about Georgia’s lack of compliance with international human rights obligations, especially Articles 9, 19 and 21 of the ICCPR and Article 5, 10, 11 and 18 of the ECHR and should be repealed,” the opinion concludes. --- More than a hundred protesters have been detained since the disputed parliament fast-tracked stricter protest laws in mid-October. One protester, Zurab Menteshashvili, was placed in pre-trial detention under criminal charges as police allege he repeatedly “blocked the road” during the rally. Until recently, Rustaveli Avenue has been blocked nightly since November 28, 2024, when the Georgian Dream government announced halting Georgia’s EU accession efforts. For nearly a week, police have physically prevented demonstrators from occupying the road, prompting them to shift to alternative forms of protest, including loud marches through downtown Tbilisi. Also Read: * 14/10/2025 – CSOs: Georgian Dream Toughening Laws to ‘Ban Peaceful Protest’

Omar Okribelashvili and Saba Meparishvili walked out of prison on November 14 after serving 18 months on charges of property damage during last year’s protests against Georgia’s controversial foreign agents’ law. Okribelashvili, 24, and Meparishvili, 20, had accepted a plea bargain in January, receiving sentences of two years and six months from Tbilisi City Court Judge Natia Gudadze. Under the agreement, they served 18 months in prison, with the remaining year to be served on parole. Their conviction stemmed from charges under Article 187 of the Georgian Criminal Code for participating in property damage as a group. They were found guilty of damaging an iron protective barrier at the Parliament entrance on May 14, 2024. The fence was valued at approximately 400 GEL (USD 140). Upon his release, Okribelashvili voiced support for other protesters still behind bars. “I advise those people [prisoners] to stay strong, [wish them] to get out soon, and of course, whoever gets out, I will stand by their side outside of prison and meet with them,” he said. Meparishvili called on the protesters to continue the resistance. “No one should stop. They might arrest you, but don’t let anyone be afraid of getting arrested – they won’t give you life in prison. You’ll get out sooner or later anyway, so I’m calling on everyone to keep up the fight,” he said, as quoted by Publika. The Social Justice Center (SJC), a local watchdog organization, said in November 2024 that those protesters’ cases demonstrate the political instrumentalization of the judiciary.” The group had argued that Parliament’s amendments to the criminal code, which mandate imprisonment for those accused of collective property damage, with no alternative penalties available, have been applied to political activists “in an extremely problematic manner.” Another protester, Pridon Bubuteishvili, is serving a five-year sentence on similar charges stemming from last year’s protests against the foreign agents law, and at least three other demonstrators were sentenced to several years in prison on similar charges after being arrested during the protests that erupted on November 28, 2025. Except for Bubuteishvili, six other protesters remain in jail in connection with the 2024 spring protests against the foreign agents law. Davit Koldari, Giorgi Kuchuashvili, Giorgi Okmelashvili, and Irakli Megvinetukhutsesi were convicted on protest-related charges, while Ucha Abashidze and Mariam Iashvili, who were also arrested in the context of the spring 2024 protests, were convicted of illegally obtaining and storing private life secrets. More than 100 protesters remain in prison, convicted or pending trial, including dozens arrested in the initial weeks of the pro-EU demonstrations that broke out on November 28, 2024, and up to 60 jailed in the aftermath of the October 4, 2025, election-day unrest. Also Read: * 02/08/2024 – Amendments to Criminal Code’s Article 187: Government’s Tool to Punish its Opponents * 14/05/2024 – Breaking: Foreign Agents’ Law Adopted, Amid Protest, Brawls

Giorgi Gakharia, the former Georgian Dream prime minister who is currently in exile as he faces criminal charges in two separate cases, has been listed as a fellow and visiting researcher at the Hertie School of Governance, a prestigious Berlin-based graduate institution. Gakharia, who leads the opposition For Georgia party, left the country over the summer after authorities launched a criminal probe into the 2019 checkpoint tensions and revived another case related to the dispersal of the 2019 “Gavrilov’s Night” rally – both tied to his tenure as Interior Minister prior to his subsequent promotion to prime minister. He was formally charged in both cases on November 12 and placed in pre-trial detention in absentia the following day as he faces up to 13 years in jail. According to the Hertie School’s website, Gakharia is listed as a Fellow and as a Visiting Researcher at the school’s Jacques Delors Centre, where his research focuses on “Georgia’s EU integration through the lens of European security.” The ex-PM’s study aims “to critically assess the security implications of Georgia’s potential EU membership, taking into account historical, political, socio-economic, and security-related aspects of EU–Georgia relations,” and “deploys practical tools such as in-depth interviews with key decision-makers in the European Commission and EU member states,” the website entry reads. Gakharia is reported to remain in Berlin while Georgian Dream continues jailing and pursuing criminal cases against both opposition leaders and former state officials. His For Georgia party has become increasingly estranged from the broader opposition, particularly following its decision to run in the partially boycotted municipal elections and its subsequent reversal of the parliamentary boycott, which saw its MPs take up their seats in October. Also Read: * 06/11/2025 – Georgian Authorities to Prosecute Eight Opposition Leaders for ‘Crimes Against State’ * 11/07/2025 – Prosecutors Revive Gavrilov’s Night Probe Citing 2024 ECtHR Ruling * 04/07/2025 – Gakharia Defends Chorchana Checkpoint to Tsulukiani Commission as GD Revisits its Legacy * 14/06/2025 – Gakharia in Prosecution Crosshairs Over 2019 Chorchana Tensions

Georgian Dream MPs claimed that an announcement for the November 28 rally in Tbilisi was drafted in Brussels, seizing on a report by a ruling-party mouthpiece that leaked what looked like an English translation of the address minutes before protesters and opposition leaders read it out in front of parliament. On the afternoon of November 13, a group of activists, civil society representatives, and opposition members gathered outside parliament to announce a march in Tbilisi on November 28, the first anniversary of Georgian Dream’s decision to halt EU integration, which sparked non-stop protests that continue to date. “For a year now, the Georgian people fighting for freedom have responded to the regime taking individuals hostage, the degrading treatment and torture of many of them, with continuous and determined resistance and unwavering solidarity toward one another,” said activist Levan Jobava as he read the statement. Minutes before the livestream, Prime Time, a pro-government outlet, published an unsigned English version of the statement, claiming it had been “sent to the local opposition by the EU’s specific high-ranking officials” and was about to be read publicly by the “representatives of radical opposition.” The document copy displayed by Prime Time is titled in English “November 28th action announcement text-briefing”, a possible mistranslation of the word “rally” which in Georgian is often referred to as “aktsia” (აქცია), while a paragraph at the top warns: “if possible avoid making radical changes to the text.” The outlet argued that the “document confirms that the opposition receives specific instructions directly from Brussels and acts according to their directives.” A comparison shows that the English text published by Prime Time largely matches the readout, with the Georgian version containing only minor additional phrasing. The claim was quickly amplified by Georgian Dream MPs. “At 3:00 p.m. one of the Georgian agencies — Prime Time — published a letter, an order from Brussels that agents in Georgia were expected to follow. At 3:10 p.m., Levan Jobava, representing these agents, read the letter publicly, citing it directly from the English version,” Deputy Parliament Speaker Nino Tsilosani wrote on X. Commenting on the report, GD parliamentary majority leader Irakli Kirtskhalia said – as quoted by Georgian Public Broadcaster – that it had now been confirmed “at the level of evidence, not just logical or even thousand-percent assumptions,” that the “agents” could not alter “even a single word” of the “instructions from Brussels.” Activists and opposition leaders organizing the rally dismissed the accusation, arguing that the text had likely been leaked to Georgian Dream sources and then translated into English. Many social media users also questioned the quality of the English phrasing, viewing it as further evidence that it was merely a flawed translation of the original Georgian text. “This is an attempt to deceive the Georgian public, an attempt to halt the internal collapse occurring inside Georgian Dream by blaming foreign forces,” said Tamar Chergoleishvili, leader of the opposition Federalists party. She said the announcement was drafted collaboratively by representatives of the opposition and civil society and circulated widely. “This text went through countless chats […], maybe 20, to broaden consensus for announcing the rally […]. Perhaps they had a State Security Service agent in one of them who stole it, translated it, and published it before the briefing,” she said. The claims come amid continued rhetoric by Georgian Dream and its media allies that Georgian protesters and the opposition – whom they label “radicals” – are being supported and directed by the West. Also Read: * 17/09/2025 – GD Attacks Western Ambassadors After Pro-Gov’t Media Alleges Opposition Meetings * 15/09/2025 – Imedi TV Reports New Criminal Probe Into Protests, Points at Universities * 28/11/2024 – GD Aborts EU Accession

The Supreme Court of Azerbaijan dismissed the cassation appeal of the head of the Kanal-13 internet television channel, Aziz Orujov.

Author: Florian Sädler Weeks have passed since several family members of Zelimkhan Khangoshvili, a Georgian citizen of Chechen descent who was assassinated in Berlin by a Russian hitman in 2019, were deported from Germany to Georgia. Observers in both Germany and Georgia have voiced concern for their safety upon return, particularly for Zelimkhan’s brother, Zurab, who is among those deportees. The family has declined to discuss their deportation publicly. A source within the Georgian-Chechen community told Civil.ge that they believe speaking out now would be “too late.” While the deportation was within the law, merely carrying out a court order, its timing reflects a broader, risky shift in German refugee policy. That shift could particularly affect asylum seekers from Georgia, which continues to enjoy a “safe country” status even amid the country’s increasingly repressive environment. „We have heard of several cases in which asylum applications from people who are clearly in need of protection, for example from the LGBTQI community, have been rejected on the grounds that Georgia is “safe”, Sonja Schiffers, the head of the Tbilisi office of the Heinrich Böll Foundation, told Civil.ge. Yet, she explains, „According to the German Basic Law, such persons are entitled to protection in Germany, which we must comply with. “ Unsafe in Safe Country? Germany added Georgia, along with Moldova, to its list of “safe countries” in 2023. The designation came under the so-called “Streetlight” (Ampel) coalition, a progressive alliance of the Social Democrats (SPD), the Greens, and the Free Democratic Party (FDP). German authorities define safe countries of origin as those where citizens generally face no fear of state persecution and where the state provides adequate protection. At the time, Germany’s Interior Ministry said that Georgia and Moldova together accounted for more than 10% of rejected asylum applications, while fewer than 0.3% of applications from Georgian citizens were approved. While the decision was already criticized at the time by asylum rights groups, particularly over concerns about LGBTQI+ rights, conditions have changed drastically in both Berlin and Tbilisi since then. Georgian Dream authorities have since introduced a series of repressive laws and moves targeting the opposition, independent media, civil society, and LGBTQI+ groups. More than a hundred people are currently in jail, tried or convicted in cases related to anti-government protests that erupted last November, including journalist and media manager Mzia Amaghlobeli, who was recently awarded the prestigious Sakharov Prize. Several opposition leaders also remain behind bars, with authorities continuing to press additional criminal charges week by week. Tbilisi’s relations with the West have grown increasingly strained, with ties between Georgia and Germany recently hitting their lowest point, including Berlin temporarily recalling its ambassador. Georgia’s major democratic crisis coincided with political shifts in Berlin. It was also last November that Germany’s Streetlight coalition collapsed amid personal rifts between its leaders. In the subsequent February parliamentary elections, the three parties lost their majority and were replaced by a more conservatively leaning coalition led by the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and the Christian Social Union (CSU), with the Social Democrats (SPD) serving as their junior partner. The CDU/CSU campaigned heavily on a promise to tighten migration policies. Their leaders, including Chancellor Friedrich Merz (CDU), are convinced that a “different” asylum policy would be a necessary step to curb the rise of the populist Alternative for Germany (AfD). In the February elections, the AfD, an anti-migration force, secured around 20% of the vote, its best nationwide result to date, and its support has continued to grow since. Shift, but with no shift The deportation of the family of Zurab Khangoshvili, Zelimkhan’s brother, may reflect this very shift in German migration policy. Having initially fled Georgia for Sweden, Zurab later moved to Germany after his asylum application was rejected in 2022. In 2023, the Potsdam Administrative Court definitively denied his asylum claim. From that point on, he was classified as only “tolerated” in Germany. The situation in “safe” Georgia, however, may not be risk-free for the family. Zelimkhan Khangoshvili’s 2019 daylight murder in Berlin’s Tiergarten – later classified by German courts as a product of Russian state-ordered violence – is often linked to his involvement in the second Chechen war against Russia. Threats, however, had been made earlier against Khangoshvili’s whole family, as cited by German journalist Silvia Stöber in her book about the Tiergarten murder. Zelimkhan himself previously fled Georgia after an earlier attempt on his life in 2015 there. His murderer, Vadim Krasikov, who was later revealed as an agent of the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB), has been released and personally welcomed by Russian President Vladimir Putin following his inclusion in a major prisoner exchange in 2024. Russian citizens can enter Georgia visa-free, and the Georgian ruling party is pursuing cautious and, some fear, increasingly friendly policies towards Moscow. According to the German newspaper Die Zeit, the Khangoshvili family’s deportation was previously, in parts, delayed by members of the governing Streetlight coalition while it was in power. With the change in Germany’s government, however, the approach to deportations, too, appears to have changed. The most recent available figures show that the total number of deportations from Germany in the first nine months of 2025 increased by nearly 20% compared to the previous year. Of the 17,651 people deported between January and September this year, 1,379 were from Georgia – the second-highest number after Türkiye. Speaking to Civil.ge, Jürgen Hardt, the CDU/CSU Parliamentarian Group‘s foreign policy spokesperson, noted that a revision of Georgia’s status as a „safe country“ is an issue to be decided by domestic policy makers, the government, and the federal states. He also said he would “contradict the thesis that fundamental errors have been made in this case.“ And while not directly answering the question, none of Hardt’s responses sounded like there is much support in the CDU for revoking Georgia’s status as a „safe country“ – and this despite the clear acknowledgment of Tbilisi’s anti-democratic and anti-Western trajectory. “Germany is losing Georgia as a partner in the region,“ he said in a phone interview, accusing Georgian Dream of using „repression” and „false claims“ to stay in power. “Under this government, better relations with Europe or even a rapprochement towards the European Union are out of the question.“ Pressure for change While Hardt’s remarks reflect the deepening low in relations between Berlin and Tbilisi, they may not necessarily affect cooperation on migration issues. Political will alone is often insufficient to increase deportation numbers. Obstacles to expulsions include differing protection mechanisms, as well as drawn-out court proceedings or countries of origin refusing to accept deportees. This is why, when a government does cooperate, the German authorities usually seize the opportunity. In late 2023, Tbilisi signed a “migration agreement” aimed at facilitating the return of Georgian nationals. But with dramatic political shifts in Tbilisi potentially leaving an increasing number of Georgians exposed to human rights abuses, Berlin may need to reconsider its approach. Citing „increasing repressions“ within Georgia, Sonja Schiffers calls for pressure from opposition parties in the Bundestag to have the current status as a „safe country“ reviewed as soon as possible. She, however, acknowledges that change seems unlikely.  „Within the coalition, at least the CDU will certainly oppose any revision“, she said of the chancellor’s party. The change, however, may yet come from the German judiciary. In March, the Berlin Administrative Court ruled that “there are considerable doubts as to whether Georgia’s designation as a safe country of origin is compatible with EU law,” while reviewing the urgent motion of a Georgian couple of civil servants, who reported persecution for participating in protests against the “Russian laws.” --- Florian Sädler is a journalist based in Berlin, Germany. He is currently a Marion-Dönhoff-Fellow at Civil.ge. Also Read: * 28/04/2025 – Op-ed | EU Must Prepare to Support Georgian Exiles * 18/07/2023 – Belgium Removes Georgia From the List of Safe Countries of Origin

The 65th round of Geneva International Discussions (GID), a multilateral format to address the security and humanitarian consequences of the 2008 Russia-Georgia war, was held on November 11-12 in Geneva. The Geneva International Discussions/GID were established based on the ceasefire agreement of August 12, 2008, brokered by the European Union. GID are co-chaired by representatives of OSCE, EU, and UN, and involve participants from Georgia, Russia, and the U.S., as well as members of both the exiled Georgian administrations of Abkhazia and Tskhinvali Region/South Ossetia and the two regions’ Russian-backed authorities, in their personal capacities. Sessions are held in two working groups, with the first group discussing peace and security matters, and the second – humanitarian concerns. The main issues discussed at the GID are the implementation of the ceasefire agreement, the safe and dignified return of internally displaced persons and refugees to their homes, and the security and humanitarian problems created as a result of the Russian occupation. Georgian MFA Statement The Georgian delegation, led by Deputy Foreign Minister Lasha Darsalia, reiterated the need for the “full implementation” of the EU-brokered 2008 ceasefire agreement by Russia, as well as the “safe and dignified” return of internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees to their homes, according to the Georgian press release. The Ministry’s statement said that the Georgian delegation emphasized the importance of restoring the Incident Prevention and Response Mechanism (IPRM) in Gali “without any preconditions,” and ensuring the continued operation of both the Gali and Ergneti IPRMs. “The Georgian side sharply raised the issue of the grave security, humanitarian, and human rights situation in the occupied regions, as well as the destructive actions of the occupation regimes,” the press release added, noting “concern was expressed” over recent actions such as the unlawful opening of the Sokhumi airport, the launch of regular flights, and the resumption of rail and maritime passenger traffic from Russia to Sokhumi. The Georgian MFA said that representatives of Russia and the occupied regimes, “as is customary,” walked out when the return of internally displaced persons and refugees from the occupied territories to their homes was raised. “As a result, the 65th round of negotiations collapsed, just like previous rounds,” the MFA added. Geneva Co-Chairs Communique In their press communiqué, the GID Co-Chairs said the participants reiterated their “commitment to this important process, emphasizing once again the need for the talks to make tangible progress and deliver on its core agenda items for the benefit of all those affected by conflict.” In the first working group, focusing on peace and security matters, the participants “continued their discussions with a particular focus on non-use of force and international security arrangements” and “also exchanged views on and reiterated their desire to further explore a possible political statement on non-use of force as a step, which would stress their respective commitments to this principle.” In the second working group, focusing on humanitarian concerns, discussions addressed crossings, documentations, livelihoods, and missing persons, as well as freedom of movement and external mobility within and outside the region. “Due to a walkout by some participants, the agenda item ‘returns’ of internally displaced persons and refugees could not be discussed. In this context, the Co-Chairs call on participants to address all agenda items without preconditions,” the Co-Chairs noted. “The participants expressed interest in continuing the practice of holding information sessions and discussed potential concrete topics for the next rounds.” Russian MFA Statement The Russian delegation was headed by Gennady Gatilov, Russia’s Permanent Representative to the UN Office in Geneva. The Russian Foreign Ministry said that the participants reaffirmed their “unwavering commitment” to continuing work within the GID, calling it “the only multilateral negotiating platform ensuring ongoing direct dialogue between Sokhumi and Tskhinvali and Tbilisi on the post-conflict restoration of relations between them.” “The Russian side emphasized the importance of quickly developing concrete measures to achieve the GID’s primary goal – ensuring lasting security for Abkhazia and South Ossetia through the adoption of a legally binding agreement on the non-use of force between Georgia and these two republics,” the press release of the Russian MFA said, adding “Its signing would, in particular, serve as a practical embodiment of Tbilisi’c conciliatory rhetoric toward Abkhaz and South Ossetian people.” “The urgency of such a step is growing against the backdrop of inflammatory calls from outside for Georgia to reclaim its ‘breakaway regions’ by military force, as well as NATO’s overt plans to ‘develop’ this state, including holding exercises and other military training activities on its territory,” Russia claimed. While noting “relative calm” on the ground, Moscow emphasized the importance of resuming the Gali IPRM and “beginning the delimitation of Georgia’s state borders with Abkhazia and South Ossetia with their subsequent demarcation.” It further identified as the “main obstacle” to the negotiation process “the extremely politicized resolution of the UN General Assembly on internally displaced persons and refugees, which is annually introduced by Georgia and ignores geopolitical realities.” Moscow also pushed to move the discussions from Geneva to a “truly neutral” location, saying, “Given Switzerland’s loss of its declared neutral status due to its adherence to the EU’s illegal anti-Russian sanctions, Moscow, with the support of Sokhumi and Tskhinvali, is proceeding from the need to move the GID meetings from Geneva to another location that is truly neutral and acceptable to all participants.” Abkhaz Participants Abkhaz participants were represented by de facto foreign minister Oleg Bartsits. “We once again emphasized our commitment to the peace plan and to advancing our initiatives to sign a legally binding agreement on the non-use of military force,” Bartits said, according to local media. “Georgia’s attempts to ignore the new realities that have emerged in the region, namely the existence of two neighboring states – Abkhazia and South Ossetia – are absolutely futile,” he added. South Ossetian Participants The participants from the occupied Tskhinvali region were headed by the de facto state advisor to the de facto president, Konstantin Kochiev. They also insisted that launching talks on “delimitation and subsequent demarcation” of a so-called state border with Georgia is essential for stability and security. They also argued that regional security “directly depends” on Georgia’s commitments to the non-use of force. During the discussions on humanitarian issues, the participants from the occupied regions said that “once again, the most serious attention was drawn to Georgia’s ongoing gross violations of the rights of Ossetians native to the Kazbegi region (Tyrsygom), who have been denied access to their ancestral places by the Georgian authorities for many years.” No discussion of the refugee issue took place. The representatives from the occupied regions said talks on refugees would resume only if Georgia stopped what they called the “politicization” of the matter. Also Read: * 22/10/2025 – Georgian Pro-Kremlin Party Figure Claims Talks with Moscow on Moving Geneva Discussions to Minsk * 28/06/2025 – 64th Round of Geneva International Discussions * 22/04/2025 – Abkhazia De Facto FM: Georgia Must Repeal Law on Occupied Territories * 06/03/2025 – 63rd Round of Geneva International Discussions * 14/07/2022 – Abkhaz Side Wants to Move Georgia Talks Out of Geneva

Faig Nagiyev, a member of the Popular Front Party of Azerbaijan, has been sentenced to 30 days of administrative arrest. The party noted that three activists had been subjected to similar persecution in the past week and called it politically motivated.

Former President Mikheil Saakashvili has been returned to Rustavi prison after spending more than three years at Tbilisi’s Vivamedi clinic, where he was transferred in 2022 due to deteriorating health, Georgia’s Special Penitentiary Service reported on November 12. “Since the health condition of convict Mikheil Saakashvili is satisfactory and he no longer requires in-patient treatment, he was discharged from the civilian clinic and returned to the No. 12 penitentiary facility, where he will continue serving his sentence under the general regime,” the prison agency said in a statement. The health of Saakashvili, who was arrested in October 2021 upon his unexpected return to Georgia, has been a source of recurring controversy. His condition deteriorated during a 50-day hunger strike that he began shortly after his arrest, prompting his transfer to Gori Military Hospital in November following both local and international outcry. Saakashvili was returned to prison by the end of 2021, but was again hospitalized in May 2022, this time at Tbilisi’s civilian Vivamedi clinic, amid the continued deterioration of his health. The former president is serving a 12.5-year sentence after being convicted in four separate cases, including three related to his presidential tenure and one for illegal border crossing upon his return in 2021. He is also awaiting trial in a separate case related to the events of November 7, 2007, including the dispersal of anti-government protests, the raid on Imedi TV, and the seizure of assets linked to tycoon Badri Patarkatsishvili. In addition, the ex-president was among eight opposition leaders charged this November in a “sabotage” case, facing accusations of “calling for the violent overthrow of the constitutional order or state government,” an offense punishable by up to three years in prison. Also Read: * 29/09/2025 – Court Orders Mikheil Saakashvili to Pay GEL 9 Million Over ‘Jackets Case’ * 30/11/2021 – Timeline: Saakashvili Imprisonment & Hunger Strike * 25/10/2021 – Complicated: Guide to Saakashvili’s Jail Controversy

His wife, Sevinj Sadygova, shared this on her Facebook page. The reason given for his arrest is that he repeatedly blocked a road. Sadygov had been arrested before for 14 days and fined a total of 270,000 Lari (about 170,000 Manats) for blocking the road 54 times. He was released on November 5. Sadygov, who is Azel TV’s founder and editor-in-chief, was detained in Azerbaijan on November 22, 2016. He was charged with intentionally causing less serious harm to health with hooligan intent using a dangerous method. On January 12, 2017, the Jalilabad District Court gave him a 2.5-year prison sentence. In November of the same year, the Supreme Court lowered his sentence from 2.5 years to 1.5 years. He was released on May 23, 2018. Later, on May 13, 2020, Sadygov was detained again, and the Binagadi District Court of Baku ordered his arrest. On November 3, the Baku Court of Grave Crimes found him guilty of getting money by threat and gave him a 7-year prison sentence. On January 28, 2021, the Sumgayit Court of Appeal changed the sentence, reducing it from 7 years to 6 years. He was released by a pardon in 2022. Sadygov moved to Georgia in 2023. In August 2024, he was detained there for extradition because Azerbaijan wanted him back. Azerbaijani authorities charged him with extortion and misappropriation of property, saying he threatened to spread insulting information. On February 28, 2025, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) said that Sadygov could not be sent back to Azerbaijan until the ECHR had a chance to fully review the case. On April 16, 2025, after about eight months in detention, he was released on bail of 5,000 Lari (3,000 Manats). Sadygov, who leads the AzelTV YouTube channel, has now been detained administratively again in Georgia. His wife said that at a court hearing in Tbilisi on November 12, he was charged with illegally blocking a road. The court decided to detain him for seven days. He was previously detained in Tbilisi on October 23 on the same charge and was punished with 14 days of arrest and a fine of 270,000 Lari (about 99,000 US Dollars). Sevinj Sadygova told Abzas Media that the journalist had been fined 55 times but received no warning from the police. He only found out about the fines when he was taken to court. According to his wife, after Sadygov was released from his 14-day detention, he was told to come back to court on November 12 for the same charge. She added that there are three court proceedings planned for this case, and the one on November 12 was the second. Since the charge is the same, they could have been reviewed together. Before this, they gave 14 days, and now they gave 7 days. I don’t know what will happen after he gets out. It’s unclear what will happen. They have already made a habit of this. They make decisions however they want, she said. Sadygov moved to Georgia with his family in December 2023. In July of last year, he said that he was not allowed to travel from Georgia to Turkey. On August 3, 2024, he was detained in Tbilisi because Azerbaijani law enforcement wanted him. Azerbaijan accused him of extortion and wanted him extradited. However, Georgia refused to give him political asylum. On November 28, 2024, the Tbilisi City Court said he should be handed over to Azerbaijan, but this did not happen. Sadygov has said that the charges are politically motivated and made up. He was released on bail of 5,000 Lari (about 3,000 Manats) on April 16, 2025, after being detained for about eight months.

Giorgi Gakharia, former prime minister and now leader of the opposition For Georgia party, who is currently in exile, faces up to 13 years in prison as Georgian prosecutors charged him over his 2019 actions during “Gavrilov’s Night” and the Chorchana checkpoint developments, when he was serving as Interior Minister. Prosecutor General Giorgi Gvarakidze said the authorities will seek pre-trial detention for Gakharia, who left Georgia months ago as the Georgian Dream government increasingly pressured him over decisions that the ruling party had once endorsed. Authorities launched a probe into the Chorchana tensions – linked to the Interior Ministry’s 2019 placement of a police checkpoint along the Tskhinvali occupation line – this June, and about a month later, revived the largely shelved investigation into “Gavrilov’s Night,” the violent dispersal of protesters in June 2019. The charges came about a week after authorities announced the prosecution of eight other opposition leaders – most of whom are already in jail – for “crimes against the state.” More to follow…

A Russian court has sentenced Guram Beruashvili, a 48-year-old Georgian national, to 28 years in prison in absentia for fighting for Ukraine as a “mercenary” and on several other criminal charges, Moscow prosecutors announced on November 12. Beruashvili was found guilty of fighting as a mercenary in an armed conflict, illegally crossing Russia’s border, smuggling weapons and ammunition, and committing a terrorist act as part of an organized group, and illegally transporting, possessing, and storing firearms and ammunition. Prosecutors said Beruashvili is to serve the first eight years in prison and the remainder in a strict-regime penal colony. Russian prosecutors claim that Beruashvili traveled to Ukraine in 2022, where he joined the International Legion voluntarily for “material gain.” They claim that in August 2024, as part of an “organized group of Ukrainian armed formations,” he illegally entered Russia’s Kursk region armed with a Kalashnikov rifle and ammunition, and engaged in armed resistance against Russian servicemen. Also Read: * 31/10/2025 – Russia Charges Georgian National Giorgi Partsvania for Fighting in Ukraine * 23/07/2025 – Russia Sentences Georgian Citizen to 6.5 Years in Prison in Absentia for Fighting in Ukraine * 16/05/2025 – Russian Court Sentences Georgian Citizen to 14 Years for Fighting in Ukraine * 10/04/2025 – Russian Court Sentences Georgian National to 9 Years for Fighting in Ukraine, Another to 14 in Absentia * 10/04/2025 – Russian Court Sentences Georgian National to 9 Years for Fighting in Ukraine, Another to 14 in Absentia

Former public service employees and civil servants found guilty of financial crimes or official misconduct will be required to file annual asset declarations for 30 years after conviction under new amendments to Georgia’s Law on Combating Corruption, which the disputed Parliament adopted in its third and final reading on November 11. The amendments come amid Georgian Dream’s declared anti-corruption drive. Archil Gorduladze, the ruling party MP and chair of the disputed Parliament’s Legal Issues Committee, said on October 10 that PM Irakli Kobakhidze was “personally engaged in the development” of the bill. Gorduladze emphasized the government’s stated goal to make Georgia one of the “top three” countries worldwide in combating corruption and to “prevent corruption from impeding economic activity and undermining the state.” Former officials convicted of certain financial crimes will be required to submit their asset declarations to the Anti-Corruption Bureau, a state body widely seen as influenced by the ruling party, within two months of their conviction taking effect, and then annually for the next 30 years. According to the amendments, the requirement applies to former public service employees and civil servants found guilty of committing the following criminal offenses during their official tenure: fraud (Article 180); extortion (Article 181); misappropriation or embezzlement in large quantities (Article 182); purchase or sale of property knowingly obtained by illegal means (Article 186); money laundering (Article 194); use, purchase, possession, or sale of property acquired through money laundering (Article 194¹); abuse of procurement procedures (Article 195¹); concealment of property through fraudulent or sham transactions (Article 205¹); breach of customs procedures (Article 214); tax evasion (Article 218); Illegally taking possession of arms, ammunition, explosives, or equipment (Article 237); unlawful appropriation or extortion of drugs (Article 264); and interference with computer data and/or systems for financial gain (Article 286¹). It also covers several criminal offenses related to official misconduct, including abuse of official powers (Article 332); exceeding official powers (Article 333); bribe-taking (Article 338); and bribe-giving (Article 339). In September, the Georgian Dream parliament adopted a legislative package, which obliges those convicted of serious financial crimes to compensate victims and bars them from leaving Georgia even after serving their prison sentences until those damages are repaid. The moves follow Georgian Dream’s intensified anti-corruption rhetoric, other tightened financial crime laws, and a series of arrests and prosecutions targeting former party officials and associates, often on charges related to corruption and abuse of office. The latest high-profile case includes several former senior Georgian Dream officials, including ex-Prime Minister Irakli Garibashvili, former State Security Service head Grigol Liluashvili, former Prosecutor General Otar Partskhaladze, and eight of their associates. Authorities seized millions in cash and valuables. Shortly after, two of Liluashvili’s associates – Andria Liluashvili and Koba Khundadze – were arrested on serious money-laundering charges. Garibashvili himself has been indicted on similar charges and was ordered to post GEL 1 million in bail, surrender his passport, and is prohibited from leaving the country pending another pretrial hearing. The adoption of the law also follows the high-profile case of jailed Giorgi Bachiashvili, a former associate of Georgian Dream founder Bidzina Ivanishvili, who was sentenced in absentia to 11 years for allegedly embezzling a large amount of cryptocurrency from Ivanishvili and was later detained under controversial circumstances abroad. Also Read: * 11/09/2025 – Former Defense Minister Burchuladze Arrested on Abuse of Office, Money Laundering Charges * 14/07/2025 – Georgian Dream’s Ex-Officials and Business Associates in Hot Water * 21/06/2025 – Ex-Deputy Economy Minister Romeo Mikautadze Arrested on Corruption-Related Charges

Turkey’s defense ministry confirmed that 20 service members died in a military plane crash in Georgia on November 11. The ministry published the names of the killed officers on X on November 12. A Turkish C-130 military cargo plane crashed in Georgia on November 11 after taking off from Ganja, Azerbaijan. The Georgian Interior Ministry has launched an investigation, while search and rescue operations near the crash site in Sighnaghi Municipality, close to the Georgia-Azerbaijan border, continued late into the night. Georgian and Azerbaijani leaders, as well as international partners, extended condolences to Turkey and the families of the victims. Georgian Dream PM Irakli Kobakhidze said he had expressed condolences to Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, writing on X, “During his difficult time, Georgia stands in full solidarity with our Turkish friends. Our thoughts are with the victims, their loved ones, and all those affected by this tragedy.” Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev sent a letter to President Erdoğan, saying he was “deeply saddened” by the tragic news. “In this moment of sorrow, I share your grief and, on behalf of myself and the people of Azerbaijan, extend heartfelt condolences to You, the families and loved ones of the deceased, and the fraternal people of Türkiye,” Aliyev wrote. President Erdoğan paused his November 11 speech in Ankara to extend condolences for “our martyrs” following news of the crash. The cause of the crash has yet to be established.

The Azerbaijani government declined to renew the permanent residence permit of Ruslan Suleymanov, an orientalist and journalist, and has barred him from entering the country for a year. Suleymanov shared this news on his Telegram channel. Suleymanov, an ethnic Azerbaijani with Russian citizenship, has lived in Baku since 2022, renewing his residence and work permit annually. He reports that this year, Azerbaijani authorities waited until the last minute to announce they would not extend his PRT. The journalist stated, “This year, my Russian passport was the deciding factor.” Following the decision, he applied for a visa to a European country. But his PRT in Azerbaijan expired during this process. As he left the country, he received a fine of about $250 and a one-year ban from Azerbaijan. Suleymanov thinks that more ethnic Azerbaijanis with Russian passports are facing similar situations this year. He wrote, “Sadly, Azerbaijan does not need IT experts, doctors, scholars, or journalists. People ready to work for the country’s advantage are being expelled.” Ruslan Suleymanov is a Middle East expert who writes for several Russian and international news outlets. Before 2022, he worked as the Middle East correspondent for TASS in Cairo. Suleymanov left the agency to protest the military intervention in Ukraine and relocated to Baku. While in Azerbaijan, he worked with CBC television and was a guest expert at the Azerbaijan Diplomatic Academy (ADA University). In October 2025, the Russian Ministry of Justice designated Suleymanov as a foreign agent.

The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe’s (PACE) monitoring co-rapporteurs for Georgia, Edite Estrela and Sabina Ćudić, visited Georgia on November 10–11 and met with members of the ruling Georgian Dream party in Parliament, as well as with opposition and civil society groups. The fact-finding mission took place two weeks after the ruling Georgian Dream party announced its appeal to the Constitutional Court seeking to ban three key opposition parties. The co-rapporteurs expressed deep concern over the appeal on October 29, warning that banning the opposition “would effectively establish a one-party dictatorship and be incompatible with Council of Europe membership.” The Georgian Dream parliamentary delegation to PACE suspended its participation after the 2025 winter session, during which PACE conditionally ratified the credentials of the delegation on the understanding that new parliamentary elections would be set and “all political prisoners” released. Meeting with the Civil Society, Opposition The PACE delegation first met with the representatives of the civil society organizations. Giorgi Burjanadze of the Civil Society Foundation told reporters that the talks focused on the human rights situation in Georgia, the judiciary, legislation affecting civil society organizations and the media, and “all those issues that prompt Georgia’s democratic backsliding.” The PACE delegation then met with representatives of three major opposition forces – the United National Movement (UNM), Lelo/Strong Georgia, and the Coalition for Change – which the ruling Georgian Dream party seeks to ban through a recently filed Constitutional Court lawsuit. Tina Bokuchava, the UNM chair, told reporters the discussions focused on the ruling party’s plan to ban opposition parties and the importance of releasing political prisoners. She said the talks also covered the possible use of Council of Europe instruments that could exert pressure on Bidzina Ivanishvili and what she called the Georgian Dream’s “repressive regime.” Meeting with the Disputed Parliament’s Representatives On November 11, PACE co-rapporteurs Edite Estrela and Sabina Ćudić met with Shalva Papuashvili, the speaker of Georgia’s disputed Parliament, and Nikoloz Samkharadze, chair of the Parliament’s Foreign Relations Committee. According to an official statement from Parliament, the talks focused on Georgia’s recent parliamentary and municipal elections, controversial legislation, EU-Georgia relations, and the ruling Georgian Dream party’s appeal to the Constitutional Court to ban key opposition parties. According to the press release, Papuashvili welcomed the meeting with the co-rapporteurs, noted that Georgia had completed another electoral cycle, and said the next three years “will be dedicated to the development of legal and institutional reforms.” Papuashvili reportedly claimed there was “no evidence” of fraud in the 2024 parliamentary elections, questioning PACE’s call for snap elections under the resolution adopted during this year’s winter session. He also said the local elections were held “under the same conditions,” noting that two opposition parties ended their boycott by taking part. “This is yet another fact that indirectly confirms the allegations of fraud in the parliamentary elections were fabricated,” Papuashvili said. The parties also discussed laws adopted by the disputed Parliament, with Shalva Papuashvili briefing the PACE co-rapporteurs on legislative amendments and emphasizing that “the laws being criticized are under consideration by the Constitutional Court and the European Court of Human Rights,” adding, “Therefore, it is preferable to refrain from political assessments and await the court decisions.” Regarding EU-Georgia relations, Papuashvili “informed the guests about the ongoing fulfillment of the Association Agreement commitments,” the press release said. The press release further says that “the discussion centered on the claim to the Constitutional Court concerning the recognition of three opposition parties as unconstitutional.” “Shalva Papuashvili underscored that Georgia remains a loyal member of the PACE and underlined the significance of the respect for the sovereignty, democracy, rule of law, and human rights by the PACE,” the press release concludes. Speaking to reporters after the meeting, Nikoloz Samkharadze said that among the topics discussed, the PACE co-rapporteurs raised the issue of the Georgian parliamentary delegation’s participation in PACE. “However, we clearly reiterated that our suspension of participation is due to the provision in one of PACE’s resolutions calling for snap elections. We told them this is a red line for us. We believe that this provision is politically motivated. If this position changes, our full participation in PACE will be restored,” Samkharadze said. The PACE co-rapporteurs also met with members of the parliamentary groups of Georgian Dream’s spin-off, People’s Power, as well as with representatives of the opposition party Gakharia For Georgia, which recently ended its nearly yearlong parliamentary boycott. Also Read: * 02/10/2025 – PACE Resolution Warns of Impending “One-Party Dictatorship Incompatible with Council of Europe membership” * 10/04/2025 – PACE Condemns Rapid Democratic Backsliding in Georgia, Urges Repeal of Controversial Laws

Turkey's defense ministry said a Turkish military cargo plane crashed in Georgia near the border with Azerbaijan on November 11. The ministry said on X that the C-130 plane had taken off from Azerbaijan and was on its way back to Turkey. It was not clear how many crew members were on board and the cause was under investigation.

Turkey's defense ministry said a Turkish military cargo plane crashed in Georgia near the border with Azerbaijan on November 11. The ministry said on X that the C-130 plane had taken off from Azerbaijan and was on its way back to Turkey. It was not clear how many crew members were on board and the cause was under investigation.

Turkey's defense ministry said a Turkish military cargo plane crashed in Georgia near the border with Azerbaijan on November 11. The ministry said on X that the C-130 plane had taken off from Azerbaijan and was on its way back to Turkey. It was not clear how many crew members were on board and the cause was under investigation.

The Turkish Defense Ministry said a military cargo plane flying back to Turkey from Azerbaijan has crashed near the border just inside Georgian territory.

The Turkish Defense Ministry said a military cargo plane flying back to Turkey from Azerbaijan has crashed near the border just inside Georgian territory.

A Turkish C-130 military cargo plane crashed in Georgia on November 11 after taking off from Azerbaijan, according to Georgia’s Interior Ministry and Turkey’s Defense Ministry. “A Turkish military aircraft crashed in Sighnaghi municipality, about five kilometers from Georgia’s state border. According to preliminary information, the plane was flying from Azerbaijan to Turkey,” the Georgian Interior Ministry stated. The Ministry announced the launch of the investigation under Article 275, Part 4 of the Criminal Code of Georgia, which “pertains to the violation of air transport safety or operation rules resulting in loss of life.” Turkey’s Defense Ministry confirmed the crash, stating the aircraft was a C-130 military cargo plane. “Search and rescue operations have begun in coordination with Azerbaijani and Georgian authorities,” the ministry said. Georgia’s pro-government TV channel Imedi aired a video that appeared to show an aircraft descending rapidly before crashing to the ground, followed by a column of smoke rising from the site. “The Ministry of Internal Affairs will provide the public with detailed information about the incident gradually,” the Georgian Ministry noted.

Deputy Justice Minister Irakli Khmaladze and Deputy Interior Minister Giorgi Butkhuzi were dismissed from their posts under Georgian Dream Prime Minister Irakli Kobakhidze’s November 10 decrees. Another decree by Kobakhidze appointed Giorgi Sakhokia as a new deputy to Georgian Dream Interior Minister Geka Geladze. Irakli Khmaladze, 43, has served as Deputy Justice Minister under Georgian Dream’s Paata Salia for six months, since May 15, 2025. Since 2017, he has been Tbilisi’s vice mayor. His career in the public sector began in 2008. A 2024 journalistic investigation by Studio Monitor alleged that Irakli Khmaladze failed to declare high-value properties. His latest asset declaration, filed in May 2025 as Tbilisi’s former vice mayor, lists no residential property in the capital but includes one car and two motorcycles valued at more than USD 30,000. Giorgi Butkhuzi had served as Deputy Interior Minister since 2019, previously working under former Minister Vakhtang Gomelauri. Earlier this year, Georgian Dream–elected President Mikheil Kavelashvili awarded Butkhuzi and other sanctioned Interior Ministry officials the Order of Honor for their “special contribution to strengthening law and order.” Butkhuzi is under the Baltic sanctions. Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia sanctioned him over his role in the violent crackdown on peaceful pro-EU demonstrations in November and December 2024. Giorgi Sakhokhia, the newly appointed Deputy Interior Minister replacing Giorgi Butkhuzi, has served as rector of the Interior Ministry Academy and as director of the Defense Ministry’s Defense Volunteer Agency. Between 2021 and 2025, Giorgi Sakhokhia served as an adviser to the Director of the State Care and Assistance Agency for Victims and Persons Affected by Trafficking under the Ministry of Health. He had previously held senior administrative positions in the Government Administration. Also Read: * 23/07/2025 – Georgian Dream Resignation Streak: Who Left and Why * 10/04/2025 – Consolidating Autocracy? GD Reshuffle Leaves Experts Guessing