Schematic of the RLPH2 phospho-tyrosine (pY) substrate enrichment pipeline. Image generated with BioRender.

Overview of the developmental stages to be examined—BBCH35: flag leaf not yet visible, shortly before the appearance of the leaf tip; BBCH39: ligule of the flag leaf visible; BBCH51: emergence of the panicle.

Structure of rice stem. The rice stem consists of nodes and internodes, generally erect and cylindrical, with hollow internodes and solid nodes. The number and length of internodes vary among different varieties. The length of internodes in descending order is: internode 1 > internode 2 > internode 3 > internode 4 from top to bottom. Plant height is defined as panicle length plus stem length; panicle length is measured from the knotting area of the panicle to the tip of the highest grain, excluding the awn, and stem length is the distance from the base of the plant to node 1.

Photo of representative seedling rosettes at 11 DAT (18 DAS) on plates.

Transgenic American chestnut speed breeding scheme. Speed breeding of transgenic American chestnut can result in the induction of male flowers in as little as 5 months and female flowers in as little as 11 months after seed stratification. Some of the crosses performed result in fully matured burs (left downward arrow). Mature seeds can be harvested from fully matured burs and, after 2 months of stratification, seedlings can be cycled back for indoor flower production. Premature burs can be subject to immature embryo rescue via tissue culture (right downward arrow). Manually excised functional ovules were surface-sterilized, germinated, and multiplied in vitro, and rooted plantlets on soil cycled back for indoor flower production. Genotyping of transgenic seedlings from either mature seeds or embryo rescue can be performed to assess the copy number of the transgene of interest. Bolder arrows denote seedlings or plantlets subject to speed breeding flower production, while lighter arrows denote timelines for each stage. Notations: −/− indicates no transgene, +/− indicates a hemizygous transgenic line, and +/+ indicates homozygous transgenic line.

An illustration of data acquisition setup in greenhouse.

Flow chart of experiments for the development of NRX1 knockout mutant wheat plants. Each of the three guide RNAs synthesized with suitable overhangs was assembled using golden gate cloning (Marillonnet and Grützner 2020), transformed into Escherichia coli and Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Hu et al. 2019), which were used to infect the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana (Yuan et al. 2011). Ground leaf extract was used to rub-inoculate the leaves of the BW208 wheat line expressing the Cas 9 gene (Li et al. 2021; Smedley et al. 2021; Wang et al. 2022).

Genome assembly and annotation metrics for the three new Capsicum genomes. Genome assembly and structural annotation statistics including BUSCO results for three de novo Capsicum genomes, compared to the public C. annuum Zhangshugang assembly. The BUSCO score was calculated using the Solanales_odb10 set.

Drought stress, which is exacerbated by climate change, is a major contributor to crop production losses in rainfed agriculture. Two genotypes of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata, (L.) Walp.) with…

Image of the S-morph (left) and L-morph (right) of T. joelii flowers with corolla removed (A). Diagram depicting compatibility relationships in crosses between an S- and L-morph individual (B). Compatible crosses are denoted with an arrow, and incompatible crosses are denoted with a line. Color denotes the origin of pollen (blue S-morph; pink L-morph).

Trichomes defensive role to protect plant from biotic stresses.