Philippe Serhal
@philippeserhal.com
💼 Staff Engineer @netlify.com
🔨 Making front-end frameworks work on Netlify
💻 https://github.com/serhalp
🔨 Making front-end frameworks work on Netlify
💻 https://github.com/serhalp
I'm using tsgo + oxlint + oxfmt for the first time.
It's all *so fast*. Small project (~1k loc, ~10 files), but type checking in 90ms, building in 60ms, linting in 70ms, and formatting in 80ms is fantastic.
🚀 The future of web dev tooling is bright. Nice work @typescriptlang.org and @voidzero.dev!
It's all *so fast*. Small project (~1k loc, ~10 files), but type checking in 90ms, building in 60ms, linting in 70ms, and formatting in 80ms is fantastic.
🚀 The future of web dev tooling is bright. Nice work @typescriptlang.org and @voidzero.dev!
November 10, 2025 at 5:37 PM
I'm using tsgo + oxlint + oxfmt for the first time.
It's all *so fast*. Small project (~1k loc, ~10 files), but type checking in 90ms, building in 60ms, linting in 70ms, and formatting in 80ms is fantastic.
🚀 The future of web dev tooling is bright. Nice work @typescriptlang.org and @voidzero.dev!
It's all *so fast*. Small project (~1k loc, ~10 files), but type checking in 90ms, building in 60ms, linting in 70ms, and formatting in 80ms is fantastic.
🚀 The future of web dev tooling is bright. Nice work @typescriptlang.org and @voidzero.dev!
React Router 7 (aka ~Remix) apps can now opt in to deployment to Netlify Edge Functions: www.netlify.com/changelog/re....
Page renders, loaders, and actions closer to your users.
⚖️ No need to reopen debates about origin SSR vs. edge SSR. Just pick whichever fits your app's needs. We support both.
Page renders, loaders, and actions closer to your users.
⚖️ No need to reopen debates about origin SSR vs. edge SSR. Just pick whichever fits your app's needs. We support both.
React Router 7 apps can now be deployed to Edge Functions | Netlify Changelog
Get the latest updates on Netlify products and features to meet your developer needs.
www.netlify.com
November 10, 2025 at 5:09 PM
React Router 7 (aka ~Remix) apps can now opt in to deployment to Netlify Edge Functions: www.netlify.com/changelog/re....
Page renders, loaders, and actions closer to your users.
⚖️ No need to reopen debates about origin SSR vs. edge SSR. Just pick whichever fits your app's needs. We support both.
Page renders, loaders, and actions closer to your users.
⚖️ No need to reopen debates about origin SSR vs. edge SSR. Just pick whichever fits your app's needs. We support both.
@anthonyholmes.me 👀 By any chance are you @iamanthonyholmes on X who was asking a while back about Netlify support for deploying React Router 7 apps to Edge Functions?
Well have I got news for you: github.com/netlify/remi....
Well have I got news for you: github.com/netlify/remi....
November 6, 2025 at 4:06 PM
@anthonyholmes.me 👀 By any chance are you @iamanthonyholmes on X who was asking a while back about Netlify support for deploying React Router 7 apps to Edge Functions?
Well have I got news for you: github.com/netlify/remi....
Well have I got news for you: github.com/netlify/remi....
Of course, AnalogJS 2.0 works on day one on Netlify!
Try it out: analogjs.org/docs/feature...
(P.S.: I'm annoyed that we require one line of manual configuration here... brb 👀)
Try it out: analogjs.org/docs/feature...
(P.S.: I'm annoyed that we require one line of manual configuration here... brb 👀)
🚀 Announcing @analogjs.org 2.0!
📜 Content Resources for @angular.dev
📦 Optimized Installs and Bundling
⚡️ @vite.dev ecosystem upgrades
And more!
dev.to/analogjs/ann...
📜 Content Resources for @angular.dev
📦 Optimized Installs and Bundling
⚡️ @vite.dev ecosystem upgrades
And more!
dev.to/analogjs/ann...
Announcing AnalogJS 2.0 ⚡️
We're excited to announce the 2.0 release of AnalogJS! This release includes many features that help...
dev.to
November 3, 2025 at 10:17 PM
Of course, AnalogJS 2.0 works on day one on Netlify!
Try it out: analogjs.org/docs/feature...
(P.S.: I'm annoyed that we require one line of manual configuration here... brb 👀)
Try it out: analogjs.org/docs/feature...
(P.S.: I'm annoyed that we require one line of manual configuration here... brb 👀)
🌶️(?): The `require-await` lint rule should not be enabled and should definitely not be in any `recommended` rulesets. It actively, misguidedly enforces worse patterns and less expressive, less readable, less consistent, less maintainable code, for little to no benefit.
November 3, 2025 at 7:56 PM
🌶️(?): The `require-await` lint rule should not be enabled and should definitely not be in any `recommended` rulesets. It actively, misguidedly enforces worse patterns and less expressive, less readable, less consistent, less maintainable code, for little to no benefit.
React Router 7's new middleware feature is now supported on Netlify.
You can even access fully type-safe Netlify request context:
const country =
context.get(netlifyRouterContext).geo?.country?.name
console.log(`${request.url} from ${country ?? "🤷"}`)
Read more: www.netlify.com/changelog/re...
You can even access fully type-safe Netlify request context:
const country =
context.get(netlifyRouterContext).geo?.country?.name
console.log(`${request.url} from ${country ?? "🤷"}`)
Read more: www.netlify.com/changelog/re...
React Router 7 middleware now supported | Netlify Changelog
Get the latest updates on Netlify products and features to meet your developer needs.
www.netlify.com
October 24, 2025 at 4:10 PM
React Router 7's new middleware feature is now supported on Netlify.
You can even access fully type-safe Netlify request context:
const country =
context.get(netlifyRouterContext).geo?.country?.name
console.log(`${request.url} from ${country ?? "🤷"}`)
Read more: www.netlify.com/changelog/re...
You can even access fully type-safe Netlify request context:
const country =
context.get(netlifyRouterContext).geo?.country?.name
console.log(`${request.url} from ${country ?? "🤷"}`)
Read more: www.netlify.com/changelog/re...
Welp.
$ npm install
9 vulnerabilities (4 low, 5 moderate)
To address all issues (including breaking changes), run:
npm audit fix --force
$ npm audit fix --force
15 vulnerabilities (5 low, 2 moderate, 6 high, 2 critical)
$ npm install
9 vulnerabilities (4 low, 5 moderate)
To address all issues (including breaking changes), run:
npm audit fix --force
$ npm audit fix --force
15 vulnerabilities (5 low, 2 moderate, 6 high, 2 critical)
October 24, 2025 at 3:22 PM
Welp.
$ npm install
9 vulnerabilities (4 low, 5 moderate)
To address all issues (including breaking changes), run:
npm audit fix --force
$ npm audit fix --force
15 vulnerabilities (5 low, 2 moderate, 6 high, 2 critical)
$ npm install
9 vulnerabilities (4 low, 5 moderate)
To address all issues (including breaking changes), run:
npm audit fix --force
$ npm audit fix --force
15 vulnerabilities (5 low, 2 moderate, 6 high, 2 critical)
You asked it for it (over... and over... and over). Here it is!
- ☑️ Astro
- ☑️ Next.js
- ☑️ stable, documented API to integrate yourself if you're into that
More framework support to come. (We're listening if you have a request 👀.)
- ☑️ Astro
- ☑️ Next.js
- ☑️ stable, documented API to integrate yourself if you're into that
More framework support to come. (We're listening if you have a request 👀.)
Skew Protection is live on Netlify 🎉
Keep your site experience stable when new deploys go live — now with built-in support for Astro & Next.js.
Big thanks to @astro.build for today’s release!
From @eduardoboucas.com: www.netlify.com/blog/introdu...
Keep your site experience stable when new deploys go live — now with built-in support for Astro & Next.js.
Big thanks to @astro.build for today’s release!
From @eduardoboucas.com: www.netlify.com/blog/introdu...
Introducing Netlify Skew Protection | Netlify
Prevent version skew errors with Netlify’s skew protection. Automatically pin user sessions to specific deploys, ensuring browser and server versions always match for error-free deployments.
www.netlify.com
October 23, 2025 at 4:05 PM
You asked it for it (over... and over... and over). Here it is!
- ☑️ Astro
- ☑️ Next.js
- ☑️ stable, documented API to integrate yourself if you're into that
More framework support to come. (We're listening if you have a request 👀.)
- ☑️ Astro
- ☑️ Next.js
- ☑️ stable, documented API to integrate yourself if you're into that
More framework support to come. (We're listening if you have a request 👀.)
Next.js 16 is here and Netlify is ready on day one (hour one!) with full support.
Just push, drop, or `npx netlify deploy`. No config needed.
Upgrade your site or start from our updated starter template (which now builds 12s faster thanks to Turbopack 👀).
www.netlify.com/changelog/ne...
Just push, drop, or `npx netlify deploy`. No config needed.
Upgrade your site or start from our updated starter template (which now builds 12s faster thanks to Turbopack 👀).
www.netlify.com/changelog/ne...
October 22, 2025 at 1:08 AM
Next.js 16 is here and Netlify is ready on day one (hour one!) with full support.
Just push, drop, or `npx netlify deploy`. No config needed.
Upgrade your site or start from our updated starter template (which now builds 12s faster thanks to Turbopack 👀).
www.netlify.com/changelog/ne...
Just push, drop, or `npx netlify deploy`. No config needed.
Upgrade your site or start from our updated starter template (which now builds 12s faster thanks to Turbopack 👀).
www.netlify.com/changelog/ne...
We've all thought about joining a company just to fix that one bug or implement that one missing feature that's been frustrating us for years (then quitting the next day).
... What's that bug or feature for you when it comes to Netlify?
No promises, but I might just knock it out for you 🫣.
... What's that bug or feature for you when it comes to Netlify?
No promises, but I might just knock it out for you 🫣.
October 20, 2025 at 5:15 PM
We've all thought about joining a company just to fix that one bug or implement that one missing feature that's been frustrating us for years (then quitting the next day).
... What's that bug or feature for you when it comes to Netlify?
No promises, but I might just knock it out for you 🫣.
... What's that bug or feature for you when it comes to Netlify?
No promises, but I might just knock it out for you 🫣.
I successfully deployed the @remix.run v3 demo to @netlify.com: remix-3-on.netlify.app.
Here's the source: github.com/serhalp/remi....
There were a few minor kinks to work out, but this was their conference demo app for an early preview framework, so that's expected.
Seems to work great!
Here's the source: github.com/serhalp/remi....
There were a few minor kinks to work out, but this was their conference demo app for an early preview framework, so that's expected.
Seems to work great!
Bookstore
remix-3-on.netlify.app
October 17, 2025 at 11:41 AM
I successfully deployed the @remix.run v3 demo to @netlify.com: remix-3-on.netlify.app.
Here's the source: github.com/serhalp/remi....
There were a few minor kinks to work out, but this was their conference demo app for an early preview framework, so that's expected.
Seems to work great!
Here's the source: github.com/serhalp/remi....
There were a few minor kinks to work out, but this was their conference demo app for an early preview framework, so that's expected.
Seems to work great!
Reposted by Philippe Serhal
you can sponsor @e18e.dev through GitHub Sponsors or OpenCollective
these funds will primarily be used for two things:
- distributed to projects/individuals in the wider JS community
- development of community projects/tools
thanks so much to those of you who already sponsor us 💙
these funds will primarily be used for two things:
- distributed to projects/individuals in the wider JS community
- development of community projects/tools
thanks so much to those of you who already sponsor us 💙
e18e - Ecosystem Performance - Open Collective
The e18e community has the aim of improving performance of tooling and packages in the JavaScript ecosystem.
opencollective.com
October 13, 2025 at 11:26 AM
you can sponsor @e18e.dev through GitHub Sponsors or OpenCollective
these funds will primarily be used for two things:
- distributed to projects/individuals in the wider JS community
- development of community projects/tools
thanks so much to those of you who already sponsor us 💙
these funds will primarily be used for two things:
- distributed to projects/individuals in the wider JS community
- development of community projects/tools
thanks so much to those of you who already sponsor us 💙
👀
October 7, 2025 at 5:51 PM
👀
Count me in!
I guess I'm attending 4 Vite and Vite-adjacent happy hours in 4 days 🫣
I guess I'm attending 4 Vite and Vite-adjacent happy hours in 4 days 🫣
Astro is coming to Amsterdam for @ViteConf.org and we'd love to meet you! 🇳🇱
Astro Happy Hour – day after ViteConf – drinks are on @netlify.com. Who's in?
Astro Happy Hour – day after ViteConf – drinks are on @netlify.com. Who's in?
October 7, 2025 at 5:41 PM
Count me in!
I guess I'm attending 4 Vite and Vite-adjacent happy hours in 4 days 🫣
I guess I'm attending 4 Vite and Vite-adjacent happy hours in 4 days 🫣
Reposted by Philippe Serhal
That’s a wrap on Netlify Deploy 2025 🚀
✨ Agent Runners announced
✨ Demos, live builds + industry panel
✨ A new way for humans + AI to ship together
📖 Blog: www.netlify.com/blog/agent-r...
🎯 Challenge: ntl-deploy-challenge.netlify.app
#NTLDEPLOY
✨ Agent Runners announced
✨ Demos, live builds + industry panel
✨ A new way for humans + AI to ship together
📖 Blog: www.netlify.com/blog/agent-r...
🎯 Challenge: ntl-deploy-challenge.netlify.app
#NTLDEPLOY
Agent Runners: Where AI development meets live infrastructure
Agent Runners brings AI coding agents directly to your Netlify project. Available from the Netlify Dashboard, Claude Code, Gemini CLI, and Codex run in isolated sandboxes with full context of your pro...
www.netlify.com
October 1, 2025 at 6:30 PM
That’s a wrap on Netlify Deploy 2025 🚀
✨ Agent Runners announced
✨ Demos, live builds + industry panel
✨ A new way for humans + AI to ship together
📖 Blog: www.netlify.com/blog/agent-r...
🎯 Challenge: ntl-deploy-challenge.netlify.app
#NTLDEPLOY
✨ Agent Runners announced
✨ Demos, live builds + industry panel
✨ A new way for humans + AI to ship together
📖 Blog: www.netlify.com/blog/agent-r...
🎯 Challenge: ntl-deploy-challenge.netlify.app
#NTLDEPLOY
Reposted by Philippe Serhal
The web thrives when it’s open. 🌍
We’re supporting frameworks like @tanstack.com & @astro.build with @cloudflare.social—keeping them strong, independent & community-driven.
More from @biilmann.blog → www.netlify.com/blog/support...
We’re supporting frameworks like @tanstack.com & @astro.build with @cloudflare.social—keeping them strong, independent & community-driven.
More from @biilmann.blog → www.netlify.com/blog/support...
Supporting an Open Web with Netlify + Cloudflare
Netlify and Cloudflare have come together to support standout frameworks like TanStack, Astro, and others that are shaping the future of web development.
www.netlify.com
September 23, 2025 at 4:49 PM
The web thrives when it’s open. 🌍
We’re supporting frameworks like @tanstack.com & @astro.build with @cloudflare.social—keeping them strong, independent & community-driven.
More from @biilmann.blog → www.netlify.com/blog/support...
We’re supporting frameworks like @tanstack.com & @astro.build with @cloudflare.social—keeping them strong, independent & community-driven.
More from @biilmann.blog → www.netlify.com/blog/support...
Looking forward to meeting a bunch of folks I've collaborated with across the ecosystem for the first time at @viteconf.org in a couple weeks!
@danielroe.dev @pi0.io @43081j.com @thealexlichter.com @ryansolid.bsky.social (we were briefly teammates! 🫡) @tannerlinsley.com... anyone else?
@danielroe.dev @pi0.io @43081j.com @thealexlichter.com @ryansolid.bsky.social (we were briefly teammates! 🫡) @tannerlinsley.com... anyone else?
September 20, 2025 at 1:20 PM
Looking forward to meeting a bunch of folks I've collaborated with across the ecosystem for the first time at @viteconf.org in a couple weeks!
@danielroe.dev @pi0.io @43081j.com @thealexlichter.com @ryansolid.bsky.social (we were briefly teammates! 🫡) @tannerlinsley.com... anyone else?
@danielroe.dev @pi0.io @43081j.com @thealexlichter.com @ryansolid.bsky.social (we were briefly teammates! 🫡) @tannerlinsley.com... anyone else?
Reposted by Philippe Serhal
We’ve updated Netlify pricing – but if you’re an existing customer, nothing changes. ❤️
We're rolling out credit-based plans for new users.
– One metric across 5 categories
– Analytics now included
– New Personal plan starts at $9/mo
We're rolling out credit-based plans for new users.
– One metric across 5 categories
– Analytics now included
– New Personal plan starts at $9/mo
September 4, 2025 at 3:05 PM
We’ve updated Netlify pricing – but if you’re an existing customer, nothing changes. ❤️
We're rolling out credit-based plans for new users.
– One metric across 5 categories
– Analytics now included
– New Personal plan starts at $9/mo
We're rolling out credit-based plans for new users.
– One metric across 5 categories
– Analytics now included
– New Personal plan starts at $9/mo
Three vulnerabilities affecting Next.js were just disclosed. @netlify.com sites were unaffected by two and are highly unlikely to be exposed to the third.
Thank you to the @nextjs.org team for working with providers to keep Next.js sites secure.
Full details:
www.netlify.com/changelog/se...
Thank you to the @nextjs.org team for working with providers to keep Next.js sites secure.
Full details:
www.netlify.com/changelog/se...
Security Update: Multiple vulnerabilities in Next.js | Netlify Changelog
Get the latest updates on Netlify products and features to meet your developer needs.
www.netlify.com
August 30, 2025 at 1:41 AM
Three vulnerabilities affecting Next.js were just disclosed. @netlify.com sites were unaffected by two and are highly unlikely to be exposed to the third.
Thank you to the @nextjs.org team for working with providers to keep Next.js sites secure.
Full details:
www.netlify.com/changelog/se...
Thank you to the @nextjs.org team for working with providers to keep Next.js sites secure.
Full details:
www.netlify.com/changelog/se...
This has honestly been really fun to work on — and to dogfood while developing my own projects.
I can't believe how easy it was to build that Nuxt module... It makes me wonder about clever use cases we haven't thought of 🤔.
Pretty sure we can make it work with Next.js...
Any fun ideas out there?
I can't believe how easy it was to build that Nuxt module... It makes me wonder about clever use cases we haven't thought of 🤔.
Pretty sure we can make it work with Next.js...
Any fun ideas out there?
At @netlify.com, we've quietly released something that I’m really proud of. With a single npm package, you can now run the full Netlify platform right in your local environment, with a minimalist API built on web standards.
www.npmjs.com/package/@net...
Here’s why I'm excited about it. 🧵
www.npmjs.com/package/@net...
Here’s why I'm excited about it. 🧵
@netlify/dev
Emulation of the Netlify environment for local development. Latest version: 4.4.5, last published: 20 hours ago. Start using @netlify/dev in your project by running `npm i @netlify/dev`. There are 2 o...
www.npmjs.com
July 22, 2025 at 2:04 PM
This has honestly been really fun to work on — and to dogfood while developing my own projects.
I can't believe how easy it was to build that Nuxt module... It makes me wonder about clever use cases we haven't thought of 🤔.
Pretty sure we can make it work with Next.js...
Any fun ideas out there?
I can't believe how easy it was to build that Nuxt module... It makes me wonder about clever use cases we haven't thought of 🤔.
Pretty sure we can make it work with Next.js...
Any fun ideas out there?
Some *slightly* overdue cleanup:
$ nodenv uninstall -f 0.10.48 6.9.1 8.9.0 8.11.4 10.15.3 10.24.1 12.2.0 12.16.3 12.18.3 12.22.0 14.15.3 14.15.4 14.15.5 14.16.0 14.16.1 14.17.0 14.17.2 14.18.2 14.19.0 16.13.1 16.13.2 16.14.0 16.14.2
... oh, uh. Does anyone still use nodenv? Is that overdue too?
$ nodenv uninstall -f 0.10.48 6.9.1 8.9.0 8.11.4 10.15.3 10.24.1 12.2.0 12.16.3 12.18.3 12.22.0 14.15.3 14.15.4 14.15.5 14.16.0 14.16.1 14.17.0 14.17.2 14.18.2 14.19.0 16.13.1 16.13.2 16.14.0 16.14.2
... oh, uh. Does anyone still use nodenv? Is that overdue too?
July 20, 2025 at 2:32 PM
Some *slightly* overdue cleanup:
$ nodenv uninstall -f 0.10.48 6.9.1 8.9.0 8.11.4 10.15.3 10.24.1 12.2.0 12.16.3 12.18.3 12.22.0 14.15.3 14.15.4 14.15.5 14.16.0 14.16.1 14.17.0 14.17.2 14.18.2 14.19.0 16.13.1 16.13.2 16.14.0 16.14.2
... oh, uh. Does anyone still use nodenv? Is that overdue too?
$ nodenv uninstall -f 0.10.48 6.9.1 8.9.0 8.11.4 10.15.3 10.24.1 12.2.0 12.16.3 12.18.3 12.22.0 14.15.3 14.15.4 14.15.5 14.16.0 14.16.1 14.17.0 14.17.2 14.18.2 14.19.0 16.13.1 16.13.2 16.14.0 16.14.2
... oh, uh. Does anyone still use nodenv? Is that overdue too?
Reposted by Philippe Serhal
just some of the highlights of the great work the @e18e.dev community has been doing in the last few months. awesome work by everyone involved, and big thanks to all the maintainers who collaborated ❤️
Community Showcase (Q2 2025)
An update on what the community has been up to in Q2 of 2025
e18e.dev
July 18, 2025 at 2:53 PM
just some of the highlights of the great work the @e18e.dev community has been doing in the last few months. awesome work by everyone involved, and big thanks to all the maintainers who collaborated ❤️
Full Netlify platform emulation right in your native dev command
✅ Vite: add `@netlify/vite-plugin` (bsky.app/profile/netl...)
✅ Nuxt: add `@netlify/nuxt` (bsky.app/profile/dani...)
✅ Astro: now just works with `@astrojs/netlify` (👇🏼)
Which framework should we level up next?
(No replies = jQuery)
✅ Vite: add `@netlify/vite-plugin` (bsky.app/profile/netl...)
✅ Nuxt: add `@netlify/nuxt` (bsky.app/profile/dani...)
✅ Astro: now just works with `@astrojs/netlify` (👇🏼)
Which framework should we level up next?
(No replies = jQuery)
Netlify and chill?
Astro 5.12 has a new Netlify dev experience that's sure to get you in the right mood. 🕯️
astro.build/blog/astro-5...
Astro 5.12 has a new Netlify dev experience that's sure to get you in the right mood. 🕯️
astro.build/blog/astro-5...
Astro 5.12 | Astro
Astro 5.12 ships TOML support for content loaders, experimental raw environment values, and improved Netlify adapter development experience!
astro.build
July 17, 2025 at 7:14 PM
Full Netlify platform emulation right in your native dev command
✅ Vite: add `@netlify/vite-plugin` (bsky.app/profile/netl...)
✅ Nuxt: add `@netlify/nuxt` (bsky.app/profile/dani...)
✅ Astro: now just works with `@astrojs/netlify` (👇🏼)
Which framework should we level up next?
(No replies = jQuery)
✅ Vite: add `@netlify/vite-plugin` (bsky.app/profile/netl...)
✅ Nuxt: add `@netlify/nuxt` (bsky.app/profile/dani...)
✅ Astro: now just works with `@astrojs/netlify` (👇🏼)
Which framework should we level up next?
(No replies = jQuery)
Reposted by Philippe Serhal
RR + unstable RSC support has shipped. Please give it a go and let me know about any pain points.
remix.run/blog/react-r...
remix.run/blog/react-r...
React Router and React Server Components: The Path Forward
React Router's RSC support is more than just a new feature. It's a major architectural shift that makes it a much more powerful library while also making Framework Mode less coupled to any particular ...
remix.run
July 16, 2025 at 8:07 PM
RR + unstable RSC support has shipped. Please give it a go and let me know about any pain points.
remix.run/blog/react-r...
remix.run/blog/react-r...
Reposted by Philippe Serhal
The launch of the new @netlify/nuxt module empowers users & agents with the features of the Netlify dev environment right in Nuxt's CLI -- no separate CLI required ✨
Check out our new guide by @philippeserhal.com & get started today!
developers.netlify.com/guides/run-s...
Check out our new guide by @philippeserhal.com & get started today!
developers.netlify.com/guides/run-s...
July 16, 2025 at 3:05 PM
The launch of the new @netlify/nuxt module empowers users & agents with the features of the Netlify dev environment right in Nuxt's CLI -- no separate CLI required ✨
Check out our new guide by @philippeserhal.com & get started today!
developers.netlify.com/guides/run-s...
Check out our new guide by @philippeserhal.com & get started today!
developers.netlify.com/guides/run-s...