Luis Aguiar
@luisaguiar.bsky.social
Associate Professor at the University of Zurich丨Researching the economics of digitization
Business
40%
Political science
20%
Luis Aguiar
@luisaguiar.bsky.social
· Mar 8
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Bad Apples on Rotten Tomatoes: Critics, Crowds, and Gender Bias in Product Ratings
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Consumers considering the purchase of experience goods can rely on both critics and crowd-based evaluations to guide their decisions. Due to divergent incentive
ssrn.com
A working paper version with detailed analysis and discussion is available here: ssrn.com/abstract=433....
The published version in Marketing Science can be accessed here: pubsonline.informs.org/doi/pdf/10.1...
The published version in Marketing Science can be accessed here: pubsonline.informs.org/doi/pdf/10.1...
Luis Aguiar
@luisaguiar.bsky.social
· Mar 8
Verified reviewers show no gender bias in their ratings relative to critics, while non-verified reviewers continue to disproportionately penalize female-led films.
This suggests that verification can serve as an effective safeguard against gender biases in crowd ratings.
This suggests that verification can serve as an effective safeguard against gender biases in crowd ratings.
Luis Aguiar
@luisaguiar.bsky.social
· Mar 8
In 2019, Rotten Tomatoes introduced one such measure: verified reviews, which can only be posted by users who can prove they watched the movie. So how does the gender gap compare between verified and non-verified crowd ratings? Does it persist among verified reviewers?
Luis Aguiar
@luisaguiar.bsky.social
· Mar 8
This is bad news, but what can be done? If this bias reflects the behavior of a few malicious reviewers rather than a general trend among the crowds, platforms could implement screening mechanisms to filter out these bad apples.
Luis Aguiar
@luisaguiar.bsky.social
· Mar 8
Notably, this higher share of extremely low ratings is exclusively driven by male crowd reviewers. When rated by the latter, female movies receive a share of extremely low ratings that is over 50% higher than that of male movies.
Luis Aguiar
@luisaguiar.bsky.social
· Mar 8
I also explore an alternative gender gap: the difference in the share of extremely low ratings (10 on a 10-100 scale) received by female and male movies. Female-led films again receive a much higher share of extremely low ratings when rated by crowds, but not by critics.
Luis Aguiar
@luisaguiar.bsky.social
· Mar 8
Using data on 12,657 movies, I focus on the "gender score gap": the difference in rating scores received by women-led and men-led movies. I find that while critics rate both movie types evenly, crowds consistently rate female-led movies lower, both on IMDb and on Rotten Tomatoes.
Luis Aguiar
@luisaguiar.bsky.social
· Mar 8
Remember the intense crowd-driven backlash and review bombing of female-led films like the 2016 Ghostbusters reboot and Captain Marvel, or TV-shows like Ms. Marvel and She-Hulk? These cases may seem isolated, but what if they point to a systemic bias against female-led films?
Luis Aguiar
@luisaguiar.bsky.social
· Mar 8
Consumers rely on both professional critics and crowds for movie ratings. But while critics have incentives to remain objective, crowd reviewers face no such accountability, enabling malicious reviewers to easily express their animosity on platforms like Rotten Tomatoes or IMDb.
Luis Aguiar
@luisaguiar.bsky.social
· Mar 8
🎬 Great news: Female leads in top-grossing films have recently hit historic highs!
But what if female-led movies face hidden bias in online ratings? In a recent study, I uncovered troubling gender bias on platforms like Rotten Tomatoes and IMDb... 🧵🍿
But what if female-led movies face hidden bias in online ratings? In a recent study, I uncovered troubling gender bias on platforms like Rotten Tomatoes and IMDb... 🧵🍿