ATP synthase, a crucial enzyme for cellular bioenergetics, operates via the coordinated coupling of an FO motor, which presents variable symmetry, and a tripartite F1 motor. Despite extensive research...

Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are thin structures present on the surface of cells, playing vital roles in signaling and cellular motion. Cilia structures rely on intraflagellar transport (IFT), which ...

Microtubules, a major component of the cytoskeleton consisting of tubulin dimers, are involved in various cellular functions, including forming axons and dendrites of neurons and retaining cell shapes...

Many bacteria enable locomotion by rotating their flagellum. It has been suggested that this rotation is realized by the rotary motion of the stator unit, MotAB, which is driven by proton transfer across the membrane. Recent cryo-electron microscopy studies have revealed a 5:2 MotAB configuration, in which a MotB dimer is encircled by a ring-shaped MotA pentamer. Although the structure implicates the rotary motion of the MotA wheel around the MotB axle, the molecular mechanisms of rotary motion and how they are coupled with proton transfer across the membrane remain elusive.