Nigeria didn't find crude oil & gas until BP & Shell found it 4 years before independence in 1956 near the Niger Delta.
www.ebsco.com/research-sta...

From post slave trade in 1800s to 1910s, nigeria's main export was palm oil. From 1910 to 1970: cocoa, peanuts & cotton. After 1970: crude oil.

Sadly, Traore doesn't monitor his militias adequately. The militias like VDP have become Fulani lynch mobs. They go to fula villages since, sadly, a disproportionate number of them are in JNIM. They kill innocents, and then JNIM gets more recruits. Doom loop.
open.substack.com/pub/yawboadu...

I updated the Rwanda Part IV ep since the Trump admin mediated peace between Rwanda & Congo yesterday. Will this deal last? We'll see... The 2002 Pretoria & 2013 Addis Ababa peace talks failed. It seems that there needs to be new talks every decade.

yawboadu.substack.com/p/the-econom...

I hope Congo's talk of this is a "declaration of war" is just bluster. Rwanda and M23 would crush the Congolese army in a war without UN backing, as seen in the past.

I wonder if Trump was just blustering when he said he is withdrawing all foreign aid except Egypt & Israel. Rwanda is massively dependent on aid.
Total aid spending in Rwanda (around $1B) is equivalent to 75% of Rwanda's government budget

If you view country by country, China already won. But once you look at EU as its own entity. The European Union is the largest trading partner by far, and it isn't even close even if you tag Macau, HK, & Taiwan's trade numbers to China. This is 2021 data.